Scientific Articles
Heat generation during implant drilling: The significance of motor speed,☆☆,

https://doi.org/10.1053/joms.2002.34992Get rights and content

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to measure the heat generated from 3 drilling speeds (1,225, 1,667, and 2,500 rpm) using the armamentarium of 4 implant systems. Materials and Methods: The mean rise in temperature, the time of drilling, and the time needed for pig jaw bone to return to the baseline temperature were monitored using 4 thermocouple technology. Results: The mean rise in temperature, the time of drilling, and the time needed for the specimens to return to the baseline temperature were lower at 2,500 rpm than at 1,667 or 1,225 rpm (P ≤.05), regardless of the system used. The rpm also directly correlated to the amount of time the bone remained at an elevated temperature. Conclusion: From a heat generation standpoint, we conclude that preparing an implant site at 2500 rpm could decrease the risk of osseous damage, which may affect the initial healing of dental implants. This may decrease the devital zone adjacent to an implant after surgery and be most advantageous in immediate load application to dental implants. © 2002 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons J Oral Maxillofac Surg 60:1160-1169, 2002

Section snippets

Materials and methods

The present study was conducted on porcine jaw bone following the clinical procedures commonly used in implant dentistry.7, 18 The rationale for choosing pig jaws was the histologic and chemical similarity of pig bone with human bones.19

Nine fresh pig heads were obtained and prepared in a manner to separate the maxillae from the mandibles. The edentulous region between the canine and the first premolar was selected for drilling and was radiographed to observe the limiting structures and

Internal irrigated systems

In the Steri-Oss system, the mean rise in temperature (ΔT) in Md and Mx specimens with different speeds is presented in Figure 1.

. Graph representing the mean rise in bone temperature (ΔT) recorded using the Steri-Oss system in mandibular (A) and maxillary (B) specimens with different motor speed. Values are means, and bars represent SD. Values with different symbols (eg, ‡‡ vs †) are significantly different (P ≤.05), and difference applies to only the same drill diameter. No statistical

Discussion

Previous studies have shown that osteonecrosis after bone drilling is a function of the rpm (degree and time).8, 9, 17 In this study, 3 speeds were evaluated and the time of drilling (t) or time required for the bone to return to baseline temperature (TB) was monitored. Results of this investigation clearly show that the higher the speed, the less was the heat generated. These findings were true regardless of the site of drilling, whether Md or Mx, or the implant system used. This is not to

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Dr Carl Russell, Medical College of Georgia, for analyzing the data of this study.

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      Drilling time (t) was found to be inversely proportional to drill speed of rotation. Drilling takes longer with slower rotating rates, resulting in more frictional heat [22]. Raj et al conducted a similar in vitro study on bovine femur considering diameters of drill as 2.01 mm and 2.801 mm at 1500 RPM, 2000 RPM, 2500 RPM including hand pressure of 1.19 kgf and 2.41 kgf using external irrigation and the results were recorded applying the technique of infrared thermography utilizing the forward-looking infrared (FLIR) camera.

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    The study was funded in part by the Misch Implant Institute, Birmingham, MI.

    ☆☆

    Dr Misch is a consultant for and stockholder of BioHorizons Implant Company.

    Address correspondence and reprint request to Dr Sharawy: School of Dentistry, Room 1411, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th St, Augusta, GA 30912-1122; e-mail: [email protected]

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