Heat Production by 3 Implant Drill Systems After Repeated Drilling and Sterilization

doi:10.1016/j.joms.2005.10.011

Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Volume 64, Issue 2, February 2006, Pages 265-269

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2005.10.011 Get rights and content

Purpose

The goal was to measure heat generated in bone by 3 implant drill systems after repeated drilling and sterilization.

Materials and Methods

Temperature was measured with thermocouple technology in vitro using the bovine femoral cortical bone model. Intermittent drilling was accomplished at a constant 2.4-kg load and drill speed of 2,500 rpm. External irrigation at 40 mL/min with normal saline was used. Three implant drill systems—system A (triple twist drills with a relief angle), system B (triple twist drills without a relief angle), and system C (double twist drills with a relief angle)—were evaluated and heat was measured at the final drill in the drilling sequence (4.0 mm or 4.2 mm) at a depth of 15 mm. Thermocouples were placed 0.5 mm from the osteotomy at a depth of 15 mm. Heat measurements were recorded out to 25 uses.

Results

Results showed temperature increased with multiple uses. System A and C drills had temperature measurements that were below 47°C, even after 25 uses. System B drills had temperatures that exceeded 47°C from the initial use. Light microscopy showed little drill wear even after 25 uses.

Conclusions

Drill geometry plays a major role in heat production and may explain the increased temperature readings seen in system B. These drills lack relief angles and have the smallest clearance angles of the 3 systems. It also has fewer drills in its drilling sequence compared with systems A and C. This study shows that temperatures increase when drills are used multiple times. Systems A and C had acceptable temperature measurements out to 25 uses. System B drills showed significantly higher heat production with little visual signs of wear.

Section snippets

Materials and Methods

Three implant drill systems were evaluated in vitro using bovine femoral cortical bone. Bovine cortical bone was selected to keep cortical thickness constant. The 3 implant drill systems evaluated in this study were system A (triple twist drills with a relief angle), system B (triple twist drills without a relief angle), and system C (double twist drills with a relief angle). Three identical sets of drills were evaluated for each specific implant drill system. The relief, clearance, and edge

Results

ANCOVA revealed significant differences for drill system (F = 53.5, df = 2/4, P = .0013) and thermocouple distance (F = 10.3, df = 1/33, p = .0029). All other effects were not significant (P > .10). Post hoc testing indicated a significant difference between system B and system A (P = .0022) and system C (P = .0029). Systems A and C did not differ (P = .8979). The mean adjusted and unadjusted temperatures by implant drill system are shown in Table 2. The adjusted mean temperatures by implant

Discussion

A variety of drilling materials have been used for heat studies: rabbit mandible,⁷ pig maxilla and mandible,⁸ bovine block cortical/medullary bone,¹⁰ polymeric material,¹² porcine ribs,¹⁹ and bovine cortical bone.6, 13, 15 It has been reported that as bone density increases, temperature also increases.9, 10 In this study, bovine cortical bone was used to eliminate variability and make cortical thickness a constant factor.

As previously reported, increased heat production caused by worn drills

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This systematic review followed the PRISMA methodology criteria and used the JBI Critical Assessment Guidelines for Quasi-Experimental Studies for quality assessment. The electronic search was conducted by using the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases to January 2023. The formulated population, intervention, comparison, outcome (PICO) question was “Do zirconia drills generate less heat than steel drills during implant site preparation?“. The meta-analysis was based on an inverse variance (IV) method.
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The purpose of this experimental surgical internal fixation simulation study was to analyze four drilling parameters as a whole, use a thermal camera to observe the temperature, and then determine how these parameters were related to temperature.
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The drilling speed used for preparing dental implants may affect bone-implant contact (BIC), implant stability quotient (ISQ), and bone area fraction occupancy (BAFO). Different rotational speeds and the presence or absence of irrigation during site preparation have been investigated, but an established protocol for achieving the best osseointegration results is lacking.
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The temperature, thrust force, and torque were calculated using finite element method (FEM) simulation under two conventional cooling models, and internal and external CO₂ cooling modes at four rotational speeds (1000–4000 rpm). The temperatures at the bottom and on the surface of the drilling site were measured experimentally using a thermometer and a thermographic camera, respectively. The results were then compared with FEM results.
The efficiency rates of CO₂ coolants in reducing the maximum temperature, thrust force, and torque were at least 5.0–11.2%, 16.5–33.8%, and 6.9–11.3% higher than conventional cooling modes, respectively. The experimental results indicated that, in contrast to the maximum temperature, temperature durability was 72.7–107.3% higher in the conventional cooling modes than the cooling modes with external CO₂ coolant systems. The cracks and surface defects were less in the CO₂ coolants than the other cooling modes. The maximum temperature after the second and third drillings increased by 17.7 and 26.8%, compared to the first drilling in the conventional cooling modes. On the other hand, the repeated drillings had no impact on the temperature in the CO₂ cooling modes.
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Basic and patient-oriented researchHeat Production by 3 Implant Drill Systems After Repeated Drilling and Sterilization

Purpose

Materials and Methods

Results

Conclusions

Section snippets

Materials and Methods

Results

Discussion

J Oral Maxillofac Surg

J Oral Maxillofac Surg

Med Eng Phys

Bone tissue response

Thermal injury to boneA vital-microscopic description of heat effects

Int J Oral Surg

Temperature thresholds for heat-induced bone tissue injuryA vital-microscopic study in the rabbit

J Prosthet Dent

Assessment of bone viability after heat trauma

Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg

The effect of speed, pressure, and time on bone temperature during the drilling of implant sites

Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants

Effects of drill speed on heat production and the rate and quality of bone formation in dental osteotomies. Part II: relationship between drill speed and healing

Int J Prosthodont

Heat caused by drilling cortical boneTemperature measured in vivo in patients and animals

Acta Orthop Scand

Basic and patient-oriented research
Heat Production by 3 Implant Drill Systems After Repeated Drilling and Sterilization