Research PaperBone RegenerationSequential delivery of BMP-2 and BMP-7 for bone regeneration using a heparinized collagen membrane
Section snippets
Materials
Toluidine blue O (TBO), (3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), and 2-morpholinoethane sulphonic acid buffer (MES) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); heparin sulphate salt was obtained from Acros Organics (Morris Plains, NJ, USA). Collagen membranes were purchased from GENOSS (Suwon, South Korea), and ErhBMP-2 (referred to as BMP-2) and ErhBMP-7 (referred to as BMP-7) were obtained from PeproTech (Rocky Hill, NJ, USA). All other
Heparinization of collagen membranes
A schematic diagram of the designed sequential BMP delivery carrier is illustrated in Fig. 1. The morphologies of collagen membranes before and after heparin conjugation are presented in Fig. 3a. Nanofibrous collagen bundles (fibre diameter 243 ± 56 nm) were observed on the surfaces of membranes. Heparinized membranes had similar nanofibre diameters, and although some rupture of collagen fibres was observed on membrane surfaces, the fibrous structure of the collagen was maintained. The conjugation
Discussion
Controlled or sustained growth factor release is considered essential for proper bone regeneration, and many trials have been performed on the use of BMPs to enhance bone regeneration.14 BMPs are multifunctional growth factors that belong to the TGF-β family, and BMP-2 and BMP-7, in particular, play key roles in osteoblast differentiation. The conventional strategy for delivering BMPs to bone defects involves their adsorption onto the surfaces of scaffolds, but when delivered in this manner
Funding
This study was supported by a Dental Research Grant (#PNUDH-DER 2013-01) from the Pusan National University Dental Hospital.
Competing interests
None declared.
Ethical approval
The Ethics Committee on Animal Experimentation of the Korean Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI-IACUC-2013-004).
Patient consent
Not required.
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These authors contributed equally in this study.