International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
Chemical and thermal cross-linking of collagen and elastin hydrolysates
Introduction
Both, elastin and collagen, are structural proteins and may undergo varied sequences of photochemical and chemical reactions [1], [2]. Collagen is the main protein of connective tissue and the main component of the skin. As an extracellular matrix protein it is widely used as a biomaterial for tissue regeneration and implantation. Elastin is an extracellular matrix protein in mammals where it is the main component of skin, blood vessels, such as the aorta, and tissues of the lung. Elastin can provide an excellent basis for biomaterials, such as arterial prosthesis, dermal substitute and hydrogels [3]. It is a highly insoluble structural protein and usually elastin hydrolysates are more useful for biomedical applications. However, the material made of elastin hydrolysates only is very elastic with low mechanical strength. A good way for obtaining new materials can be a preparation of a blend containing elastin hydrolysates and collagen [4], [5]. In mammals, collagen and elastin are mixed together in appropriate ways depending on the functions [6]. In this context, elastin could represent a valid alternative to synthetic biomaterials, for application in tissue replacement and/or tissue regeneration.
For cross-linking of protein materials one can use physical or chemical methods. As physical cross-linking agent gamma radiation can be used [7], [8]. However, the energy of gamma radiation can destroy the native structure of the protein. Next to gamma radiation physical cross-linking agent is UV irradiation. It is less harmful for proteins than gamma radiation, but UV light can also destroy protein structure [1], [9], [10].
Chemical cross-linking can give highly cross-linked material in a very short time [11]. There are several chemical compounds capable to cross-link proteins.
Covalent cross-linking using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-1-carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) is a widely used method [12], [13], [14].
The aim of this work was to study the chemical cross-linking of collagen soluble in acetic acid and elastin hydrolysates soluble in water. Solutions of elastin hydrolysates and collagen were treated using variable concentrations of 1-ethyl-3(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). Moreover, diepoxypropylether (DEPE) has been used as cross-linking agent. Collagen and elastin hydrolysates have been cross-linked by the temperature to compare chemical cross-linking with physical cross-linking, namely thermal cross-linking. Cross-linked collagen and elastin materials are usually required for the preparation of scaffolds containing hydroxyapatite. Such materials can be applied as bone tissues substitutes.
Section snippets
Collagen
Collagen was obtained in our laboratory from tail tendons of young albinos rats (Medical University, Poznan, Poland). After washing in distillate water, the tendons were dissolved in 0.1 M acetic acid for 3 days at 4 °C. Tendons were blended in a Waring blender in 0.5 M acetic acid, and then spun at 10,000 rpm in a Sorvall centrifuge and the soluble fraction decanted and lyophilised. The method used was the same as previously employed [15]. Collagen solution was freeze-dried to obtain 100% pure
Results and discussion
The chemical structures of cross-linking agents have been shown in Fig. 1. The compounds shown in Fig. 1 have been used for chemical cross-linking of collagen. After cross-linking of collagen materials FTIR spectra have been recorded for cross-linked films. In Fig. 2, the FTIR spectra for collagen cross-linked with EDC/NHS have been presented. In Fig. 3, the FTIR spectra for collagen cross-linked with diepoxypropylether (DEPE) have been presented. In FTIR spectra of cross-linked collagen film
Conclusions
Chemical and thermal cross-linking of collagen materials lead to loss of water bounded to the macromolecule. Collagen films cross-linked by EDC/NHS become fragile with poor mechanical properties. Thermally cross-linked collagen films get slightly better mechanical properties. Collagen films cross-linked by DEPE are thermally less stable and contained much less water bonded than collagen films before cross-linking. Elastin hydrolysates can work as good cross-linking agent for collagen. Thermal
Acknowledgement
Financial support from the Ministry of Science (MNII, Poland) Grant No. N N507 3495325 is gratefully acknowledged.
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