Original paperVolumetric modulated arc therapy planning based on virtual monochromatic images: Effect of inaccurate CT numbers on dose distributions
Introduction
In modern radiotherapy, the volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) irradiation technique, which involves continuously varying the gantry rotation speed, multi-leaf collimator (MLC) pattern, and dose rate during delivery, has become increasingly common in clinical practice [1], [2], [3]. High doses to the target, while minimizing the doses to organs at risk (OAR) is to be expected of any highly conformal radiotherapy. For such sophisticated treatment techniques, computed tomography (CT) simulations play an important role in achieving accurate target delineation and evaluating doses for the targets as well as surrounding OARs.
Recent advancements in CT scanner technology have led to the development and clinical use of dual-energy CT (DECT) that utilizes two different photon beams for its operation; one of the advantage of the DECT scanner is that it can be used to generate virtual monochromatic images (VMIs) at a specified photon energy levels for both high and low photon energies [4]. Several researchers have demonstrated that VMIs obtained at low energy levels (40–60 keV) provided significantly higher image quality for various tumor sites compared with VMIs at high energy levels (70–77 keV), where the energy levels were equivalent to the conventional single polychromatic images (i.e., at 120 kVp) [5], [6], [7]; this improvement in image quality has the potential for improving inter- and/or intra-observer variations when determining gross tumor volume in radiotherapy treatment planning.
However, some previous studies showed that the CT numbers (Hounsfield unit; HU) in the case of VMIs at low energy level could be considerably inaccurate, especially for high-density materials; in addition, the accuracy of the HU values varied based on the volume of the surrounding tissues [8], [9]. In general, the CT numbers (Hounsfield unit, HU) are converted into electron and physical density values by using lookup tables (LUTs) for dose calculation in the radiotherapy treatment planning processes to account for inhomogeneous environments in patient anatomy. It is a common practice to register the LUT acquired using a commercial phantom for a corresponding CT scanner in a treatment planning system; thus, the use of VMIs obtained at low energy levels for VMAT planning might induce unexpected dosimetric errors during the dose calculation process because of the inaccurate estimation of HU values. To the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have investigated the effect of inaccurate HU estimation on dose distributions in VMAT planning.
Our study consisted of two components. First, we assessed the variance of HU measurements in the VMIs at 50 keV (VMI50keV; high contrast image) and 77 keV (VMI77keV; equivalent HU values for a conventional 120 kVp CT image) and single-energy CT (SECT) images with different phantom sizes. Second, we compared the effect of the inaccuracy of HU estimation for VMAT planning in an anthropomorphic phantom and patients.
Section snippets
Generation of LUTs
We used a 16.5-cm-deep multi-energy phantom (Gammex RMI 1472; Gammex RMI, Middleton, WI), which consisted of inner (20 cm in diameter) and outer (40 cm in width and 30 cm in height) sections composed of a water-equivalent material to simulate large and small patient sizes. The phantom contained cylindrical holes (2.85 cm in diameter) to enable the placement of various rods of the reference materials to be tested. In our study, 16 reference materials for a tissue characterization phantom (Gammex
Results
Fig. 2 shows the LUTs (electron density) generated from VMI50keV, VMI77keV and SECT image. In particular, for high-density materials (electron density > 1.1), VMI50keV provided higher HU values than VMI77keV and SECT. Furthermore, the differences in the absolute (relative) HU value in the case of VMI50keV between the large and small phantoms were 179.9 (14.5%), 240.4 (12.3%), and 389.2 (14.5%) HU for the reference materials of CB2-50%, SB3, and Al, respectively, while these differences in the
Discussion
In this study, we demonstrated that the HU values in VMI50keV and SECT image varied depending on the volume of the surrounding materials and the scanning parameters, especially in the case of high-density materials (Fig. 2, Fig. 3). Consequently, in our anthropomorphic phantom study, inaccurate HU estimation in the case of VMI50keV and SECT induced a larger dose deviation than the VMI77keV case (Fig. 4). In theory, the VMIs are less affected by the beam-hardening effect, which is recognized as
Funding
This study was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant (Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) 17K15816).
Conflict of interest
None.
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