American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
Original articlesPosteroanterior cephalometric norms in Turkish adults
Section snippets
Material and methods
PA cephalograms were taken from 100 nongrowing Turkish adults (46 men, mean age 26.06 ± 2.10 years, and 54 women, mean age 24.10 ± 3.04 years). They met the following criteria17, 18: Turkish with Turkish parents; 20 to 35 years of age; Class I occlusion with minor or no crowding; normal growth and development; well-aligned maxillary and mandibular dental arches; all teeth present except third molars; good facial symmetry, determined clinically and radiographically; no significant medical
Results
The intra-examiner errors of measurements for several distances were less than 0.5 mm, and the corresponding intraclass correlation coefficients were greater than r = .970 (Table I). The structures located in the PA cephalometric analysis were generally well visualized on the cephalograms. Table II shows the PA cephalometric combined norms, standard deviations, and minimum and maximum values of 19 linear transverse measurements for Turkish adults.
The following results were obtained through the
Discussion
This investigation is the first to study samples of untreated Turkish adults with ideal occlusion and well-balanced faces. The inclusion criteria and methodology were oriented to identify normative values that can assist in the diagnosis and treatment planning of Turkish adults seeking orthodontic treatment or orthognathic surgery. Adults 20 to 35 years of age of both sexes were included in the sample because most orthognathic surgeries are performed in this age group.
Many articles and atlases
Conclusions
PA transverse linear norms for Turkish adults were determined. In general, most measurements were similar to Ricketts’ clinical norms. PA cephalometric standards for Turkish adults were also determined. The results of this study have clinical implications in the diagnosis and treatment planning of Turkish patients.
Most of the Turkish PA cephalometric linear measurements showed statistically significant sex differences. Comparisons between Turkish men and women indicated higher measurements for
References (35)
- et al.
Craniofacial structure of Japanese and European-American adults with normal occlusions and well-balanced faces
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
(1996) - et al.
Cephalometric values for adult Mexican-Americans
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
(1994) A comparison of ANB, Wits, AF-BF, and APDI measurements
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
(1991)- et al.
Soft tissue profile in Anatolian Turkish adults: part I. Evaluation of horizontal lip position using different soft tissue analyses
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
(2002) - et al.
Soft tissue profile in Anatolian Turkish adults: part II. Comparison of different soft tissue analyses in the evaluation of beauty
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
(2002) - et al.
Determination of Holdaway soft tissue norms in Anatolian Turkish adults
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
(2003) - et al.
Craniofacial structure of Anatolian Turkish adults with normal occlusions and well-balanced faces
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
(2004) - et al.
Transverse development of the jawsnorms for the posteroanterior cephalometric analysis
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
(1997) - et al.
A longitudinal cephalometric study of transverse and vertical craniofacial growth
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
(1993) - et al.
Ethnic differences in the soft tissue profile of Korean and European-American adults with normal occlusion and well balanced faces
Angle Orthod
(2002)
Racial differences in dimensional traits of the human face
Angle Orthod
Selected cephalometric angular norms in Kikuyu children
Angle Orthod
A comparison of cephalometric norms for the African Bantu and a Caucasoid population
Eur J Orthod
Cephalometric “standards” for the southern Chinese
Eur J Orthod
A cephalometric study of Korean adults
Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
Adult cephalometric norms for Saudi Arabians with a comparison of values for Saudi and North American Caucasians
Br J Orthod
Cephalometric study of the dentofacial complex of North Indians
Angle Orthod
Cited by (15)
Treatment of adult facial asymmetry with orthodontic therapy or orthognathic surgery: Receiver operating characteristic analysis
2014, Journal of Dental SciencesCitation Excerpt :Measurements in men were significantly greater than in women. No statistically significant sex difference, however, was found in dentofacial patterns within the same ethnic group.11,12 The present study analyzed linear proportional variables and angular variables.
Submentovertex cephalometric norms in Turkish adults
2005, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial OrthopedicsTransversal craniofacial development between skeletal maturation stages: A multi-center posteroanterior cephalometric study
2022, APOS Trends in OrthodonticsAge- and Sex-Related Morphometric Changes and Asymmetry in the Orbito-Zygomatic Region
2021, Journal of Craniofacial SurgeryTo determine posteroanterior cephalometric norms for North Bangalore adults
2021, Journal of Contemporary OrthodonticsPosteroanterior cephalometric analysis of White-American and Chinese adolescents: a cross-sectional study
2020, Cranio - Journal of Craniomandibular Practice