Original articles
Posteroanterior cephalometric norms in Turkish adults

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2003.11.028Get rights and content

Purpose:The aims of this study were to establish cephalometric norms from posteroanterior cephalograms for Turkish adults, identify possible gender differences in these norms, compare Turkish norms with the norms of other groups, and identify possible correlations between all investigated transverse linear measurements. Material: The subjects included 46 Turkish men (mean age, 26.06 ± 2.10 years) and 54 Turkish women (mean age, 24.10 ± 3.04 years). Each subject had ideal occlusion and a well-balanced face. Nineteen linear measurements were determined on each radiograph. For each variable, the arithmetic mean, the standard deviation, and the minimum and maximum values were calculated. For statistical evaluation, an independent-samples t test was performed. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was calculated to indicate the relationship between all investigated linear dimensions. Results: Posteroanterior transverse linear norms for Turkish adults were generally similar to Ricketts’ clinical norms. Of the 19 craniofacial transverse measurements, 15 showed significant sexual dimorphism. All investigated measures were higher in Turkish men than in women, with the exception of the distance from the intersection of the processus zygomaticus and the processus alveolaris maxillae on the right side and the frontal facial plane. Statistically significant correlations were determined in most measurements. Conclusions: These Turkish posteroanterior cephalometric norms can be used in the treatment of Turkish patients.

Section snippets

Material and methods

PA cephalograms were taken from 100 nongrowing Turkish adults (46 men, mean age 26.06 ± 2.10 years, and 54 women, mean age 24.10 ± 3.04 years). They met the following criteria17, 18: Turkish with Turkish parents; 20 to 35 years of age; Class I occlusion with minor or no crowding; normal growth and development; well-aligned maxillary and mandibular dental arches; all teeth present except third molars; good facial symmetry, determined clinically and radiographically; no significant medical

Results

The intra-examiner errors of measurements for several distances were less than 0.5 mm, and the corresponding intraclass correlation coefficients were greater than r = .970 (Table I). The structures located in the PA cephalometric analysis were generally well visualized on the cephalograms. Table II shows the PA cephalometric combined norms, standard deviations, and minimum and maximum values of 19 linear transverse measurements for Turkish adults.

The following results were obtained through the

Discussion

This investigation is the first to study samples of untreated Turkish adults with ideal occlusion and well-balanced faces. The inclusion criteria and methodology were oriented to identify normative values that can assist in the diagnosis and treatment planning of Turkish adults seeking orthodontic treatment or orthognathic surgery. Adults 20 to 35 years of age of both sexes were included in the sample because most orthognathic surgeries are performed in this age group.

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Conclusions

PA transverse linear norms for Turkish adults were determined. In general, most measurements were similar to Ricketts’ clinical norms. PA cephalometric standards for Turkish adults were also determined. The results of this study have clinical implications in the diagnosis and treatment planning of Turkish patients.

Most of the Turkish PA cephalometric linear measurements showed statistically significant sex differences. Comparisons between Turkish men and women indicated higher measurements for

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