Chapter 4 - Cytokines in Muscle Damage
Section snippets
Abstract
Multiple cellular and molecular processes are rapidly activated following skeletal muscle damage to restore normal muscle structure and function. These processes typically involve an inflammatory response and potentially the consequent occurrence of secondary damage before their resolution and the completion of muscle repair or regeneration. The overall outcome of the inflammatory process is potentially divergent, with the induction of prolonged inflammation and further muscle damage, or its
Skeletal Muscle Damage–Inflammation–Regeneration: A Conspectus
Damage to muscle tissue can be caused by events inside the muscle, such as ischemia, metabolic deficits, and genetic defects, and diseases, like inflammatory myopathies and muscular dystrophies, or it may occur as a result of external events, such as exposure to cold or hot temperatures, injection of myotoxic agents (e.g., cardiotoxin or lidocaine), transplantation, contusion or crush injury, and activity models such as muscle mechanical overloading and stretch or their combination as it occurs
The Inflammatory Cell Responses to Muscle Damage
Muscle damage and regeneration should be considered as processes intimately related to inflammatory cells invasion and their interaction with the damaged tissue, while the efficiency of muscle regeneration appears to be dependent on the efficiency of the inflammatory cell invasion. A consecutive sequence of inflammation and repair characterizes the process of tissue recovery where immune cells interact with the damaged tissue, and the coordination between inflammation and regeneration is
The Cytokine Responses to Muscle Damage
Skeletal muscle interacts actively with the immune system in response to damage by secreting various chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, and cytokines of innate immunity [10], [12], [60], [115]. Skeletal muscle expresses both efferent and afferent limbs of the innate immune system; the efferent limb includes effectors such as the early phase cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, while the afferent limb includes proinflammatory cytokines [116]. Cytokines are a group of low molecular weight
The Cytokine Responses in the Assessment of Muscle Damage and Repair
Systemic cytokine levels and kinetics have been used to assess mostly the inflammatory responses following various types of muscle-damaging exercise, utilizing commercially available assays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits [41], [156]. A well-coordinated and tightly controlled inflammatory reaction is part of an efficient muscle repair process and the, mainly anti-inflammatory, profile of the systemic cytokine responses to intense, muscle-damaging exercise has been characterized
Conclusions
The data discussed in this chapter suggest that the interactions between skeletal muscle damage and the consequent inflammatory response are an essential aspect of muscle regeneration. A consecutive sequence of inflammation and repair characterizes the process of muscle recovery, where the efficiency of muscle regeneration appears to be dependent on the efficiency of the inflammatory reaction. Skeletal muscle interacts actively with the immune system in response to damage by secreting various
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