Abstract
Balneotherapy (BT) is one of the most commonly used non-pharmacologic complementary therapies for different rheumatic diseases. Its beneficial properties probably derived from a combination of mechanical, thermal, and chemical effects, but the exact mechanism of action is not elucidated. This review aimed at summarizing the current knowledge about the effects of BT, and identifying its possible mechanism of action in different rheumatic diseases. Pubmed and Scopus were used to perform a search of the literature to extract articles including terms related to BT and rheumatic diseases published in the period from 2010 to 2021. We selected pre-clinical studies, randomized controlled trials, and clinical trials. The results of clinical studies confirmed the beneficial properties on different mediators and factors of inflammation, oxidative stress, cartilage metabolism, and humoral and cellular immune responses in patients affected by chronic degenerative musculoskeletal disorders. The data derived from OA and RA-induced murine models revealed the efficacy of different BT treatments in decreasing pain, inflammation, and improving mobility, as well as in reducing the expression of matrix-degrading enzymes and markers of oxidative stress damage. Different in vitro studies analyzed the potential effect of a mineral water, as a whole, or of a mineral element, demonstrating their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and chondroprotective properties in OA cartilage, synoviocytes and chondrocytes, and osteoblast and osteoclast cultures. The presented data are promising and confirm BT as an effective complementary approach in the management of several low-grade inflammation, degenerative, and stress-related pathologies, as rheumatic diseases.
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Conceptualization: Antonella Fioravanti, Sara Cheleschi; data curation: Sara Cheleschi and Iole Seccafico; investigation: Sara Cheleschi, Sara Tenti, Isabel Gálvez, Eduardo Ortega; methodology: Antonella Fioravanti, Sara Cheleschi, and Iole Seccafico; supervision: Antonella Fioravanti and Eduardo Ortega; writing — original draft: Sara Cheleschi, Sara Tenti, Isabel Gálvez, Antonella Fioravanti, and Eduardo Ortega; writing — review and editing: Sara Cheleschi, Sara Tenti, and Antonella Fioravanti.
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Cheleschi, S., Tenti, S., Seccafico, I. et al. Balneotherapy year in review 2021: focus on the mechanisms of action of balneotherapy in rheumatic diseases. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 8054–8073 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17780-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17780-0