Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family of receptor tyrosine kinases plays an important role in the biology of many cancers. In breast and gastrointestinal cancer, and at lower rates also in additional tumor types, HER2 and its homo- or heterodimerization with HER1 or HER3 are essential for cancer cell growth and survival. Breast cancer patients overexpressing HER2 have a more aggressive course of their disease. The poor prognosis associated with HER2 overexpression can be substantially improved by adding HER2-targeted therapy to standard of care using the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab. Lapatinib, an oral dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor, blocks HER1 and HER2 tyrosine kinase activity by binding to the ATP-binding site of the receptor’s intracellular domain, resulting in inhibition of tumor cell growth. Lapatinib is generally well tolerated with diarrhea being the most common adverse effect. However, although being mainly of mild to moderate severity, interruption or discontinuation of treatment has been reported in a substantial proportion of patients in clinical trials. In 2007, lapatinib has been approved in combination with capecitabine in patients with advanced HER2-positive breast cancer upon progressive disease following standard therapy with anthracyclines, taxanes, and trastuzumab. In 2013, the approval was extended to a chemotherapy-free combination with trastuzumab for patients with metastatic HER2-positive, hormone receptor-negative breast cancer progressing on prior trastuzumab and chemotherapy. Since 2010, lapatinib is approved in combination with letrozole in the treatment of postmenopausal women with advanced HER2- and hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. In contrast, in first-line cytotoxic-based therapy of both early and advanced HER2-positive breast cancer, data from clinical trials did not provide evidence of additional benefit of lapatinib compared to trastuzumab. Moreover, over the past few years, novel HER2-targeted drugs, either alone or as a combined anti-HER2 approach, have been extensively evaluated, demonstrating a more favorable outcome. Also, neither in first- nor second-line treatment of advanced gastric cancer, lapatinib has been proven to be superior compared to trastuzumab as hitherto standard of care HER2 blockade. Therefore, lapatinib has become somewhat less important in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer during the past 10 years since its first introduction. Nevertheless, consideration of treatment with lapatinib appears to be reasonable in selected patients not only in the approved applications but also beyond, and further indications such as HER2-positive refractory metastatic colorectal cancer may arise in future. Also, lapatinib may have distinct advantages over antibodies in targeting truncated HER2 and crossing the blood–brain barrier. Finally, the favorable cardiac toxicity profile of lapatinib makes it an attractive alternative to trastuzumab-based regimens in patients at risk for cardiac events.
Keywords
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abrahao-Machado LF, Scapulatempo-Neto C (2016) HER2 testing in gastric cancer: an update. World J Gastroenterol 22(19):4619–4625
Ansquer Y, Mandelbrot L, Lehy T et al (2005) Expression of BRCA1, HER-1 (EGFR) and HER-2 in sporadic breast cancer and relationships to other clinicopathological prognostic features. Anticancer Res 25(6C):4535–4541
Arpino G, Ferrero JM, De la Haba-Rodriguez J (2016) Primary analysis of PERTAIN: a randomized, two-arm, open-label, multicenter phase II trial assessing the efficacy and safety of pertuzumab given in combination with trastuzumab plus an aromatase inhibitor in first-line patients with HER2-positive and hormone receptor-positive metastatic or locally advanced breast cancer. San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, San Antonio, USA
Bachelot T, Romieu G, Campone M et al (2013) Lapatinib plus capecitabine in patients with previously untreated brain metastases from HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (LANDSCAPE): a single-group phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol 14(1):64–71
Bahreini F, Soltanian AR, Mehdipour P (2015) A meta-analysis on concordance between immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to detect HER2 gene overexpression in breast cancer. Breast Cancer 22(6):615–625
Bang YJ, Van Cutsem E, Feyereislova A et al (2010) Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 376(9742):687–697
Baselga J, Bradbury I, Eidtmann H et al (2012) Lapatinib with trastuzumab for HER2-positive early breast cancer (NeoALTTO): a randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet 379(9816):633–640
Bence AK, Anderson EB, Halepota MA et al (2005) Phase I pharmacokinetic studies evaluating single and multiple doses of oral GW572016, a dual EGFR-ErbB2 inhibitor, in healthy subjects. Invest New Drugs 23(1):39–49
Bertotti A, Migliardi G, Galimi F et al (2011) A molecularly annotated platform of patient-derived xenografts (“xenopatients”) identifies HER2 as an effective therapeutic target in cetuximab-resistant colorectal cancer. Cancer Discov 1(6):508–523
Blackwell KL, Burstein HJ, Storniolo AM et al (2010) Randomized study of Lapatinib alone or in combination with trastuzumab in women with ErbB2-positive, trastuzumab-refractory metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 28(7):1124–1130
Blackwell KL, Burstein HJ, Storniolo AM et al (2012) Overall survival benefit with lapatinib in combination with trastuzumab for patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive metastatic breast cancer: final results from the EGF104900 Study. J Clin Oncol 30(21):2585–2592
Blackwell K, Kaplan E, Franco S et al (2004) A phase II, open-label, multicenter study of GW572016 in patients with trastuzumab-refractory metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 22:3006
Bose R, Kavuri SM, Searleman AC et al (2013) Activating HER2 mutations in HER2 gene amplification negative breast cancer. Cancer Discov 3(2):224–237
Burris HA 3rd (2004) Dual kinase inhibition in the treatment of breast cancer: initial experience with the EGFR/ErbB-2 inhibitor lapatinib. Oncologist 9(Suppl 3):10–15
Burris HA 3rd, Hurwitz HI, Dees EC et al (2005) Phase I safety, pharmacokinetics, and clinical activity study of lapatinib (GW572016), a reversible dual inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, in heavily pretreated patients with metastatic carcinomas. J Clin Oncol 23(23):5305–5313
Cameron D, Casey M, Oliva C et al (2010) Lapatinib plus capecitabine in women with HER-2-positive advanced breast cancer: final survival analysis of a phase III randomized trial. Oncologist 15(9):924–934
Cameron D, Casey M, Press M et al (2008) A phase III randomized comparison of lapatinib plus capecitabine versus capecitabine alone in women with advanced breast cancer that has progressed on trastuzumab: updated efficacy and biomarker analyses. Breast Cancer Res Treat 112(3):533–543
Cardoso F, Costa A, Senkus E et al (2017) 3rd ESO-ESMO international consensus guidelines for advanced breast cancer (ABC 3). Breast 31:244–259
Carey LA, Berry DA, Cirrincione CT et al (2016) molecular heterogeneity and response to neoadjuvant human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 targeting in CALGB 40601, a randomized phase III trial of paclitaxel plus trastuzumab with or without lapatinib. J Clin Oncol 34(6):542–549
Choi HD, Chang MJ (2017) Cardiac toxicities of lapatinib in patients with breast cancer and other HER2-positive cancers: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat
Chu QS, Cianfrocca ME, Goldstein LJ et al (2008) A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of lapatinib in combination with letrozole in patients with advanced cancer. Clin Cancer Res 14(14):4484–4490
Chu QS, Schwartz G, de Bono J et al (2007) Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of lapatinib in combination with capecitabine in patients with advanced solid malignancies. J Clin Oncol 25(24):3753–3758
Citri A, Yarden Y (2006) EGF-ERBB signalling: towards the systems level. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 7(7):505–516
Clavarezza M, Puntoni M, Gennari A et al (2016) Dual block with lapatinib and trastuzumab versus single-agent trastuzumab combined with chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Clin Cancer Res 22(18):4594–4603
Clayton AJ, Danson S, Jolly S et al (2004) Incidence of cerebral metastases in patients treated with trastuzumab for metastatic breast cancer. Br J Cancer 91(4):639–664
de Azambuja E, Holmes AP, Piccart-Gebhart M et al (2014) Lapatinib with trastuzumab for HER2-positive early breast cancer (NeoALTTO): survival outcomes of a randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial and their association with pathological complete response. Lancet Oncol 15(10):1137–1146
Devriese LA, Koch KM, Mergui-Roelvink M et al (2014) Effects of low-fat and high-fat meals on steady-state pharmacokinetics of lapatinib in patients with advanced solid tumours. Invest New Drugs 32(3):481–488
Di Leo A, Gomez HL, Aziz Z et al (2008) Phase III, double-blind, randomized study comparing lapatinib plus paclitaxel with placebo plus paclitaxel as first-line treatment for metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 26(34):5544–5552
Dias A, Claudino W, Sinha R et al (2016) Human epidermal growth factor antagonists and cardiotoxicity—A short review of the problem and preventative measures. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 104:42–51
Dieras V, Miles D, Verma S et al (2017) Trastuzumab emtansine versus capecitabine plus lapatinib in patients with previously treated HER2-positive advanced breast cancer (EMILIA): a descriptive analysis of final overall survival results from a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 18(6):732–742
Esteva FJ, Franco SX, Hagan MK et al (2013) An open-label safety study of lapatinib plus trastuzumab plus paclitaxel in first-line HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Oncologist 18(6):661–666
Gelmon KA, Boyle FM, Kaufman B et al (2015) Lapatinib or trastuzumab plus taxane therapy for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive advanced breast cancer: final results of NCIC CTG MA.31. J Clin Oncol 33(14):1574–1583
Geyer CE, Forster J, Lindquist D et al (2006) Lapatinib plus capecitabine for HER2-positive advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med 355(26):2733–2743
Gianni L, Pienkowski T, Im YH et al (2012) Efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant pertuzumab and trastuzumab in women with locally advanced, inflammatory, or early HER2-positive breast cancer (NeoSphere): a randomised multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial.”. Lancet Oncol 13(1):25–32
Giordano SH, Temin S, Kirshner JJ et al (2014) Systemic therapy for patients with advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol 32(19):2078–2099
GlaxoSmithKline (2007) Lapatinib [package insert]
Gomez HL, Doval DC, Chavez MA et al (2008) Efficacy and safety of lapatinib as first-line therapy for ErbB2-amplified locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 26(18):2999–3005
Goss PE, Smith IE, O’Shaughnessy J et al (2012) Adjuvant lapatinib for women with early-stage HER2-positive breast cancer: a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 14(1):88–96
Gradishar W, Salerno KE (2016) NCCN guidelines update: breast cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 14(5 Suppl):641–644
Graus-Porta D, Beerli RR, Daly JM et al (1997) ErbB-2, the preferred heterodimerization partner of all ErbB receptors, is a mediator of lateral signaling. EMBO J 16(7):1647–1655
Gril B, Palmieri D, Bronder JL et al (2008) Effect of lapatinib on the outgrowth of metastatic breast cancer cells to the brain. J Natl Cancer Inst 100(15):1092–1103
Guan Z, Xu B, DeSilvio ML et al (2013) Randomized trial of lapatinib versus placebo added to paclitaxel in the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 31(16):1947–1953
Guarneri V, Generali DG, Frassoldati A et al (2014) Double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, randomized, phase IIb neoadjuvant study of letrozole-lapatinib in postmenopausal hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative, operable breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 32(10):1050–1057
Guarneri V, Frassoldati A, Bottini A et al (2012) Preoperative chemotherapy plus trastuzumab, lapatinib, or both in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive operable breast cancer: results of the randomized phase II CHER-LOB study. J Clin Oncol 30(16):1989–1995
Hecht JR, Bang YJ, Qin SK et al (2016) Lapatinib in combination with capecitabine plus oxaliplatin in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive advanced or metastatic gastric, esophageal, or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: TRIO-013/LOGiC–A randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 34(5):443–451
Hofmann M, Stoss O, Shi D et al (2008) Assessment of a HER2 scoring system for gastric cancer: results from a validation study. Histopathology 52(7):797–805
Hynes NE, Lane HA (2005) ERBB receptors and cancer: the complexity of targeted inhibitors. Nat Rev Cancer 5(5):341–354
Johnston S, Pippen J Jr, Pivot X et al (2009) Lapatinib combined with letrozole versus letrozole and placebo as first-line therapy for postmenopausal hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 27(33):5538–5546
Kaufman B, Mackey JR, Clemens MR et al (2009) Trastuzumab plus anastrozole versus anastrozole alone for the treatment of postmenopausal women with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive, hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer: results from the randomized phase III TAnDEM study. J Clin Oncol 27(33):5529–5537
Kim JW, Kim HP, Im SA et al (2008) The growth inhibitory effect of lapatinib, a dual inhibitor of EGFR and HER2 tyrosine kinase, in gastric cancer cell lines. Cancer Lett 272(2):296–306
Kohler J, Schuler M (2013) Afatinib, erlotinib and gefitinib in the first-line therapy of EGFR mutation-positive lung adenocarcinoma: a review. Onkologie 36(9):510–518
Konecny GE, Pegram MD, Venkatesan N et al (2006) Activity of the dual kinase inhibitor lapatinib (GW572016) against HER-2-overexpressing and trastuzumab-treated breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 66(3):1630–1639
Lackey KE (2006) Lessons from the drug discovery of lapatinib, a dual ErbB1/2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Curr Top Med Chem 6(5):435–460
Lemmon MA, Schlessinger J (2010) Cell signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. Cell 141(7):1117–1134
Leyland-Jones B (2009) Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer and central nervous system metastases. J Clin Oncol 27(31):5278–5286
Li Z, Yang SS, Yin PH et al (2015) Activated estrogen receptor-mitogen-activated protein kinases cross talk confer acquired resistance to lapatinib. Thorac Cancer 6(6):695–703
Liedtke C, Thill M, Jackisch C et al (2017) AGO recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with early breast cancer: update 2017. Breast Care (Basel) 12(3):172–183
Lin NU, Dieras V, Paul D et al (2009) Multicenter phase II study of lapatinib in patients with brain metastases from HER2-positive breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 15(4):1452–1459
Lin NU, Eierman W, Greil R et al (2011) Randomized phase II study of lapatinib plus capecitabine or lapatinib plus topotecan for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer brain metastases. J Neurooncol 105(3):613–620
Lin NU, Winer EP (2004) New targets for therapy in breast cancer: small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Breast Cancer Res 6(5):204–210
Martin M, Bonneterre J, Geyer CE Jr et al (2013) A phase two randomised trial of neratinib monotherapy versus lapatinib plus capecitabine combination therapy in patients with HER2+ advanced breast cancer. Eur Cancer 49(18):3763–3772
Maruyama IN (2014) Mechanisms of activation of receptor tyrosine kinases: monomers or dimers. Cells 3(2):304–330
Medina PJ, Goodin S (2008) Lapatinib: a dual inhibitor of human epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases. Clin Ther 30(8):1426–1447
Mendelsohn J, Baselga J (2003) Status of epidermal growth factor receptor antagonists in the biology and treatment of cancer. J Clin Oncol 21(14):2787–2799
Moy B, Goss PE (2007) Lapatinib-associated toxicity and practical management recommendations. Oncologist 12(7):756–765
Nelson MH, Dolder CR (2006) Lapatinib: a novel dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor with activity in solid tumors. Ann Pharmacother 40(2):261–269
Olayioye MA, Neve RM, Lane HA et al (2000) The ErbB signaling network: receptor heterodimerization in development and cancer. EMBO J 19(13):3159–3167
Petrelli F, Ghidini M, Lonati V et al (2017) The efficacy of lapatinib and capecitabine in HER-2 positive breast cancer with brain metastases: a systematic review and pooled analysis. Eur J Cancer 84:141–148
Piccart-Gebhart M, Holmes E, Baselga J et al (2016) Adjuvant lapatinib and trastuzumab for early human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer: results from the randomized phase III adjuvant lapatinib and/or trastuzumab treatment optimization trial. J Clin Oncol 34(10):1034–1042
Piccart-Gebhart MJ, Procter M, Leyland-Jones B et al (2005) Trastuzumab after adjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med 353(16):1659–1672
Pivot X, Manikhas A, Zurawski B et al (2015) CEREBEL (EGF111438): a phase III, randomized, open-label study of lapatinib plus capecitabine versus trastuzumab plus capecitabine in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 33(14):1564–1573
Press MF, Finn RS, Cameron D et al (2008) HER-2 gene amplification, HER-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA and protein expression, and lapatinib efficacy in women with metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 14(23):7861–7870
Press MF, Slamon DJ, Flom KJ et al (2002) Evaluation of HER-2/neu gene amplification and overexpression: comparison of frequently used assay methods in a molecularly characterized cohort of breast cancer specimens. J Clin Oncol 20(14):3095–3105
Ramakrishna N, Temin S, Chandarlapaty S et al (2014) Recommendations on disease management for patients with advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer and brain metastases: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol 32(19):2100–2108
Ratain MJ, Cohen EE (2007) The value meal: how to save $1,700 per month or more on lapatinib. J Clin Oncol 25(23):3397–3398
Reix N, Malina C, Chenard MP et al (2016) A prospective study to assess the clinical utility of serum HER2 extracellular domain in breast cancer with HER2 overexpression. Breast Cancer Res Treat 160(2):249–259
Rivera F, Vega-Villegas ME, Lopez-Brea MF (2008) Cetuximab, its clinical use and future perspectives. Anticancer Drugs 19(2):99–113
Robidoux A, Tang G, Rastogi P et al (2013) Lapatinib as a component of neoadjuvant therapy for HER2-positive operable breast cancer (NSABP protocol B-41): an open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 14(12):1183–1192
Ross JS, Fletcher JA (1998) The HER-2/neu oncogene in breast cancer: prognostic factor, predictive factor, and target for therapy. Oncologist 3(4):237–252
Safran H, Miner T, Bahary N et al (2011) Lapatinib and gemcitabine for metastatic pancreatic cancer. A phase II study. Am J Clin Oncol 34(1):50–52
Sartore-Bianchi A, Trusolino L, Martino C et al (2016) Dual-targeted therapy with trastuzumab and lapatinib in treatment-refractory, KRAS codon 12/13 wild-type, HER2-positive metastatic colorectal cancer (HERACLES): a proof-of-concept, multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 17(6):738–746
Satoh T, Xu RH, Chung HC et al (2014) Lapatinib plus paclitaxel versus paclitaxel alone in the second-line treatment of HER2-amplified advanced gastric cancer in Asian populations: TyTAN–a randomized, phase III study. J Clin Oncol 32(19):2039–2049
Scaltriti M, Nuciforo P, Bradbury I et al (2015) High HER2 expression correlates with response to the combination of lapatinib and trastuzumab. Clin Cancer Res 21(3):569–576
Scaltriti M, Verma C, Guzman M et al (2009) Lapatinib, a HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, induces stabilization and accumulation of HER2 and potentiates trastuzumab-dependent cell cytotoxicity. Oncogene 28(6):803–814
Senkus E, Kyriakides S, Ohno S et al (2015) Primary breast cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 26(Suppl 5):v8–30
Slamon DJ, Leyland-Jones B, Shak S et al (2001) Use of chemotherapy plus a monoclonal antibody against HER2 for metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses HER2. N Engl J Med 344(11):783–792
Stern HM (2012) Improving treatment of HER2-positive cancers: opportunities and challenges. Sci Transl Med 4(127): 127rv122
Swain SM, Baselga J, Kim SB et al (2015) Pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and docetaxel in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med 372(8):724–734
Thill M, Liedtke C, Solomayer EF et al (2017) AGO recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with advanced and metastatic breast cancer: update 2017. Breast Care (Basel) 12(3):184–191
Tomas A, Futter CE, Eden ER (2014) EGF receptor trafficking: consequences for signaling and cancer. Trends Cell Biol 24(1):26–34
Tomasello G, de Azambuja E, Dinh P et al (2008) Jumping higher: is it still possible? The ALTTO trial challenge. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 8(12):1883–1890
Untch M, Loibl S, Bischoff J et al (2012) Lapatinib versus trastuzumab in combination with neoadjuvant anthracycline-taxane-based chemotherapy (GeparQuinto, GBG 44): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 13(2):135–144
Verma S, Miles D, Gianni L et al (2012) Trastuzumab emtansine for HER2-positive advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med 367(19):1783–1791
Wainberg ZA, Anghel A, Desai AJ et al (2010) Lapatinib, a dual EGFR and HER2 kinase inhibitor, selectively inhibits HER2-amplified human gastric cancer cells and is synergistic with trastuzumab in vitro and in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 16(5):1509–1519
Wee P, Wang Z (2017) Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Cell Proliferation Signaling Pathways. Cancers (Basel) 9(5)
Witton CJ, Reeves JR, Going JJ et al (2003) Expression of the HER1-4 family of receptor tyrosine kinases in breast cancer. J Pathol 200(3):290–297
Wolff AC, Hammond ME, Hicks DG et al (2014) Recommendations for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 testing in breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists clinical practice guideline update. Arch Pathol Lab Med 138(2):241–256
Wood ER, Truesdale AT, McDonald OB et al (2004) A unique structure for epidermal growth factor receptor bound to GW572016 (Lapatinib): relationships among protein conformation, inhibitor off-rate, and receptor activity in tumor cells. Cancer Res 64(18):6652–6659
Wu Z, Gabrielson A, Hwang JJ et al (2015) Phase II study of lapatinib and capecitabine in second-line treatment for metastatic pancreatic cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 76(6):1309–1314
Xia W, Liu LH, Ho P et al (2004) Truncated ErbB2 receptor (p95ErbB2) is regulated by heregulin through heterodimer formation with ErbB3 yet remains sensitive to the dual EGFR/ErbB2 kinase inhibitor GW572016. Oncogene 23(3):646–653
Xin Y, Guo WW, Huang Q et al (2016) Effects of lapatinib or trastuzumab, alone and in combination, in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cancer Med 5(12):3454–3463
Zhang Z, Tang H, Lin J et al (2017) Clinicopathologic and prognostic significance of human epidermal growth factor receptor in patients with gastric cancer: an updated meta-analysis. Oncotarget 8(10):17202–17215
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Voigtlaender, M., Schneider-Merck, T., Trepel, M. (2018). Lapatinib. In: Martens, U. (eds) Small Molecules in Oncology. Recent Results in Cancer Research, vol 211. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91442-8_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91442-8_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-91441-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-91442-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)