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Inflammation and Cancer pp 183–196Cite as

The Role of Inflammation in Bladder Cancer

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Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 816))

Abstract

The aim of this book chapter is to present the latest basic research developments on the role of inflammation in bladder cancer and provide insights into their future clinical significance in preventing bladder carcinogenesis and progression. Bladder cancer is a highly immunogenic malignancy. Urothelial cancer cells aim to manipulate the immune system by inhibiting its cytotoxic function while stimulating the secretion of growth promoting factors. Cytokine-induced imbalances in the distribution and differentiation of tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic cells can boost bladder cancer cell proliferation. Tumor-induced release of excessive amount of cytokines causes an “inflammatory storm” which drives metastasis formation via degradation of extracellular matrix proteins. Tumor-related selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) upregulation suppresses the cell-mediated immune response via aberrant prostaglandin metabolism resulting in failure of differentiation of myeloid cell progenitors into mature antigen-presenting cells. T cells are capable of increasing the oxidative stress on bladder cancer cells via induction of COX-2 and STEAP expression. Some evidence also suggests that COX-2 activation may be also involved in inflammation-mediated cancer stem cell proliferation. Antibodies against the VEGF-co-receptor neuropilin decrease the angiogenetic potential of bladder cancer cells. Inflammation-based predictive bladder cancer models have demonstrated to accurately predict response to treatment both in the curative and palliative setting. While randomized trials do not support a clinical benefit for the use of anti-inflammatory drugs (i.e., celecoxib, atorvastatin) in preventing recurrence of low-grade bladder cancer, further investigations are warranted in the setting of high-grade tumors since the immune response to cancer stimuli is most probably more pronounced in advanced stages.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls University, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany

    Georgios Gakis

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  1. Georgios Gakis
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Correspondence to Georgios Gakis .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

    Bharat B. Aggarwal

  2. Dept of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

    Bokyung Sung

  3. Dep Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

    Subash Chandra Gupta

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© 2014 Springer Basel

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Gakis, G. (2014). The Role of Inflammation in Bladder Cancer. In: Aggarwal, B., Sung, B., Gupta, S. (eds) Inflammation and Cancer. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 816. Springer, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0837-8_8

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