<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><xml><records><record><source-app name="HighWire" version="7.x">Drupal-HighWire</source-app><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GRIDLEY, DAILA S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MAO, XIAO WEN</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TIAN, JIAN</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CAO, JEFFREY D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PEREZ, CELSO</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STODIECK, LOUIS S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FERGUSON, VIRGINIA L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BATEMAN, TED A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PECAUT, MICHAEL J.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic and Apoptotic Changes in Lungs of Mice Flown on the STS-135 Mission in Space</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In Vivo</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015-07-01 00:00:00</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">423-433</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><abstract><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aim: The goal of the study was to evaluate changes in lung status due to spaceflight stressors that include radiation above levels found on Earth. Materials and Methods: Within hours after return from a 13-day mission in space onboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis, C57BL/6 mice (FLT group) were euthanized; mice housed on the ground in similar animal enclosure modules served as controls (AEM group). Lung tissue was collected to evaluate the expression of genes related to extracellular matrix (ECM)/adhesion and stem cell signaling. Pathway analysis was also performed. In addition, immunohistochemistry for stem cell antigen-1 (SCA-1), the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay for apoptosis, and staining for histological characteristics were performed. Results: There were 18/168 genes significantly modulated in lungs from the FLT group (p&lt;0.05 vs. AEM); 17 of these were up-regulated and one was down-regulated. The greatest effect, namely a 5.14-fold increase, was observed on Spock1 (also known as Spark/osteonectin), encoding a multi-functional protein that has anti-adhesive effects, inhibits cell proliferation and regulates activity of certain growth factors. Additional genes with increased expression were cadherin 3 (Cdh3), collagen, type V, alpha 1 (Col5a1), integrin alpha 5 (Itga5), laminin, gamma 1 (Lamc1), matrix metallopeptidase 14 (Mmp14), neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (Ncam1), transforming growth factor, beta induced (Tgfbi), thrombospondin 1 (Thbs1), Thbs2, versican (Vcan), fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (Fgfr1), frizzled homolog 6 (Fzd6), nicastrin (Ncstn), nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin-dependent 4 (Nfatc4), notch gene homolog 4 (Notch4) and vang-like 2 (Vangl2). The down-regulated gene was Mmp13. Staining for SCA-1 protein showed strong signal intensity in bronchiolar epithelial cells of FLT mice (p&lt;0.05 vs. AEM). TUNEL positivity was also significantly higher in the FLT mice (p&lt;0.05 vs. AEM), but no consistent histological differences were noted. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that spaceflight-related stress had a significant impact on lung integrity, indicative of tissue injury and remodeling.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>