<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><xml><records><record><source-app name="HighWire" version="7.x">Drupal-HighWire</source-app><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">KUO, LINDA J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">YANG, LI-XI</style></author></authors><secondary-authors></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">γ-H2AX - A Novel Biomarker for DNA Double-strand Breaks</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In Vivo</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008-05-01 00:00:00</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">305-309</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><abstract><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">When DNA damage, whether it is endogenous or exogenous, forms double stranded breaks (DSBs), it is always followed by the phosphorylation of the histone, H2AX. H2AX is a variant of the H2A protein family, which is a component of the histone octomer in nucleosomes. It is phosphorylated by kinases such as ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATM-Rad3-related (ATR) in the PI3K pathway. This newly phosphorylated protein, γ-H2AX, is the first step in recruiting and localizing DNA repair proteins. DSBs can be induced by mechanisms such as ionizing radiation or cytotoxic agents and subsequently, γ-H2AX foci quickly form. These foci represent the DSBs in a 1:1 manner and can be used as a biomarker for damage. An antibody can be raised against γ-H2AX which can therefore be visualized by immunofluorescence through secondary antibodies. The detection and visualization of γ-H2AX by flow cytometry allow the assessment of DNA damage, related DNA damage proteins and DNA repair. γ-H2AX also has other applications in the detection of genomic damage caused by cytotoxic chemical agents and environmental and physical damage, especially in the context of cancer treatment and therapy.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>