RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 Anti-HIV and Immunomodulation Activities of Cacao Mass Lignin–CarbohydrateComplex
JF In Vivo
JO In Vivo
FD International Institute of Anticancer Research
SP 229
OP 236
VO 25
IS 2
A1 HIROSHI SAKAGAMI
A1 MICHIYO KAWANO
A1 MAY MAW THET
A1 KEN HASHIMOTO
A1 KAZUE SATOH
A1 TAISEI KANAMOTO
A1 SHIGEMI TERAKUBO
A1 HIDEKI NAKASHIMA
A1 YUJI HAISHIMA
A1 YUUICHI MAEDA
A1 KOJI SAKURAI
YR 2011
UL http://iv.iiarjournals.org/content/25/2/229.abstract
AB Background: Recently, a prominent antiviral and macrophage stimulatory activity of cacao lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) has been reported. However, the solubility and sterility of LCC have not been considered yet. In the present study, complete solubilisation and sterilisation was achieved by autoclaving under mild alkaline conditions and the previously reported biological activities were re-examined. Materials and Methods: LCCs were obtained by 1% NaOH extraction and acid precipitation, and a repeated extraction-precipitation cycle. Nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine productions were assayed by the Griess method and ELISA, respectively. Inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression was determined by Western blot analysis. Superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide radical-scavenging activity was determined by ESR spectroscopy. Results: Cacao mass LCC showed reproducibly higher anti-HIV activity than cacao husk LCC. Cacao mass LCC, up to 62.5 μg/ml, did not stimulate mouse macrophage-like cells (RAW264.7 and J774.1) to produce NO, nor did it induce iNOS protein, in contrast to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cacao mass LCC and LPS synergistically stimulated iNOS protein expression, suggesting a different point of action. Cacao mass LCC induced tumour necrosis factor-α production markedly less than LPS, and did not induce interleukin-1β, interferon-α or interferon–γ. ESR spectroscopy showed that cacao mass LCC, but not LPS, scavenged NO produced from NOC-7. Conclusion: This study demonstrated several new biological activities of LCCs distinct from LPS and further confirmed the promising antiviral and immunomodulating activities of LCCs.