Research ArticleClinical Studies
Open Access

The Role of Radiotherapy for Meningeal Melanocytomas – A 20 Year Update

DIRK RADES, OKSANA ZEMSKOVA, JAN GLIEMROTH and NATHAN Y. YU
In Vivo May 2024, 38 (3) 1220-1228; DOI: https://doi.org/10.21873/invivo.13558

Abstract

Background/Aim: Meningeal melanocytomas are rare tumors of the central nervous system and optimal treatment needs further clarification. This study compared subtotal resection (STR), STR plus radiation therapy (RT), gross total resection (GTR), and GTR+RT to better define the role of postoperative RT. Patients and Methods: All cases reported in the literature were reviewed. Patients (n=184) with complete data were analyzed for local control (LC) and overall survival (OS). Results: On univariate analysis, GTR (vs. STR) was associated with improved LC (p=0.016). When comparing the treatment regimens, best and worst results were found after GTR+RT and STR alone, respectively (p<0.001). On univariate analysis, GTR resulted in better OS than STR (p=0.041). Moreover, the treatment regimen had a significant impact on OS (p=0.049). On multivariate analyses of LC and OS, extent of resection and treatment regimen were found to be significant factors. After STR, RT significantly improved LC but not OS. After GTR, RT did not significantly improve LC or OS. Conclusion: GTR was significantly superior to STR regarding LC and OS. STR+RT resulted in significantly better LC when compared to STR alone.

Key Words:

Meningeal melanocytomas were described in 1972 and represent a very rare tumor type of the central nervous system (CNS) (1). Macroscopically, these pigmented tumors appear well circumscribed or encapsulated. On light microscopy, mitotic figures, necrosis, and hemorrhage are rare or even not found (2-16). According to ultrastructural studies, they originate from leptomeningeal melanocytes (6, 10, 16-18). Melanosomes can be found at different levels of maturity with no or minor nuclear and cellular pleomorphisms. On computed tomography, meningeal melanocytomas present as well-defined, iso-dense, or slightly dense lesions with homogeneous enhancement of contrast medium, and on magnetic resonance imaging, the lesions are isointense when compared to the gray matter or show increased signal-intensity on T1-weighted images (6, 7, 19-24).

Meningeal melanocytomas are generally considered benign but have been reported to be associated with a high risk of recurring locally. Standard treatment includes resection, either alone or followed by radiation therapy (RT). Previous reports have suggested that RT can improve treatment outcomes, if only a subtotal resection (STR) has been achieved (25-27). The vast majority of studies in the literature are case reports. Only very few review articles using individual patient data and a meta-analysis exist that investigated the value of RT following STR (25-27). These review articles are about 20 years old and included less than 100 patients, and the meta-analysis did not exclusively use individual patient data. Larger studies with individual patient data are required to better define the role of RT following STR or gross total resection (GTR) of meningeal melanocytomas. The present study has been performed to contribute to the closure of this gap.

Patients and Methods

A literature research was performed in PubMed (Medline) using the terms “meningeal melanocytoma” and “meningeal melanocytomas”. A total of 227 articles were identified. An additional article was identified describing a melanocytic tumor with GNA11 p.Q209L mutation of the foramen magnum and the upper cervical cord (28). These articles were screened for complete data with respect to age, sex, tumor site, extent of resection, post-operative RT, local control (LC), and overall survival (OS). Further criteria for inclusion in the subsequent analyses were histology of meningeal melanocytoma, location in the brain or spine, age >10 years, minimum follow-up of 6 months in patients alive at the last contact. Moreover, patients with initially scattered or metastasized tumors and patients with orbital tumors only were not included. Of the 228 articles, 106 articles could not be used for the analyses of LC and OS, mainly due to insufficient follow-up (38 articles). In 29 articles did not provide sufficient (individual) patient data. In seven articles, the reported patients were children ≤10 years of age, in 14 articles patients had scattered or metastasized disease, in 10 articles a histology different from meningeal melanocytoma, and in six articles orbital involvement only. Moreover, in two articles patients received definitive RT without a resection.

After exclusion of these articles, 122 articles with a total of 184 patients remained for the subsequent analyses (2-25, 28-125). This cohort included one patient with an orbital lesion invading the cranial cavity (59). The subgroup of patients with spinal lesions included two patients with lesions of the S1-nerve root, one patient with a lesion arising from the right foramen magnum and the upper cervical spine, and one patient with a lesion of the terminal filum (13, 28, 80, 108). The characteristics of the 184 patients are shown in Table I. In 52 patients, the period of follow-up was longer than on the corresponding article due to direct contact with the authors. Of the 184 patients, 40 received STR alone, 38 STR + RT, 100 GTR alone, and 6 patients GTR + RT, respectively. Patient characteristics related to these four treatment groups are summarized in Table II. In addition, subgroup analyses were performed for patients receiving STR (n=78) and patients receiving GTR (n=106).

View this table:
Table I.

Patient characteristics of the entire cohort (n=184).

View this table:
Table II.

Patient characteristics of the four treatment groups.

Patient characteristics and treatment regimens were evaluated for potential associations with LC and OS at 3, 5 and 10 years following resection. Characteristics included age (≤40 vs. >40 years, median=40 years), sex (female vs. male), year of publication (until 2003 vs. 2004-2023), tumor site (brain vs. spine), extent of resection (STR vs. GTR), post-operative RT (no vs. yes), and treatment regimen (STR alone vs. STR+RT vs. GTR alone vs. GTR+RT). In patients receiving post-operative RT, the impact of radiation dose, given as equivalent dose in 2 Gy fractions with an alpha/beta ratio of 10 Gy for tumor cell kill (EQD2, <45 Gy10 vs. >49.5 Gy10), on LC and OS was investigated (126, 127). Details of RT were not stated for two patients. Of the other 42 patients, 8 patients received single-fraction radiosurgery (n=6) or fractionated stereotactic RT (n=3). Twenty-nine patients received conventional local RT with 30 to 55 Gy, four patients RT of the whole-brain or the craniospinal axis (CSA) with 30 to 50 Gy, and one patient RT of the CSA with 48 Gy plus a boost of 6 Gy to the posterior fossa.

Univariate analyses regarding LC and OS were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. p-Values <0.05 were considered significant, and p-values <0.10 indicated a trend. Significant factors were additionally evaluated for independence in a multivariate analysis performed with the Cox proportional hazards model.

Results

Local control in the entire cohort. In the univariate analysis of the entire cohort, LC was significantly associated with the extent of resection (GTR with/without RT superior to STR with/without RT, p=0.016). A significant association was also found for the treatment regimen; the best results were observed after GTR+RT, and the worst outcomes were found after STR alone (p<0.001). The LC-rates after 3, 5 and 10 years related to patient characteristics and treatment regimens are summarized in Table III. In the multivariate analyses of LC, the extent of resection (HR=0.54; 95% CI=0.32-0.90; p=0.018) and the treatment regimen (HR=0.60; 95% CI=0.45-0.80; p<0.001) maintained significance. In 42 of the 44 patients receiving RT, the RT dose was stated. The LC-rates at 3, 5 and 10 years were 76%, 76% and 76%, respectively, after an EQD2 of >49.5 Gy10 (24 patients) compared to 76%, 57% and 57%, respectively, after an EQD2 of <45 Gy10 (18 patients) (p=0.25).

View this table:
Table III.

Local control rates in the entire cohort (n=184).

Overall survival in the entire cohort. On univariate analysis of OS, GTR (±RT) was superior to STR (±RT) (p=0.041). Moreover, the treatment regimen had a significant impact on OS (p=0.049). The best and worst OS rates were observed after GTR+RT and STR alone, respectively. The OS-rates after 3, 5 and 10 years related to patient characteristics and treatment regimens are shown in Table IV. In the multivariate analyses of OS, the extent of resection (HR=0.43; 95% CI=0.18-0.99; p=0.047) and the treatment regimen (HR=0.54; 95% CI=0.34-0.86; p=0.010) were significant. The OS-rates at 3, 5 and 10 years were 95%, 95% and 82%, respectively, after an EQD2 of >49.5 Gy10 compared to 92%, 82% and 82%, respectively, after <45 Gy10 (p=0.70).

View this table:
Table IV.

Overall survival rates in the entire cohort (n=184).

Subgroup analysis of patients receiving subtotal resection. In the subgroup analysis of the 78 patients receiving STR with or without RT, post-operative RT was associated with improved LC (p=0.014). The LC-rates at 3, 5 and 10 years were 74%, 65% and 65%, respectively, with RT (38 patients) compared to 49%, 44% and 15%, respectively, without RT (40 patients) (p=0.014). In the corresponding multivariate analysis, the addition of RT was still significant (HR=0.40; 95% CI=0.19-0.84; p=0.016). In those patients receiving post-operative RT, the LC-rates at 3, 5 and 10 years were 80%, 80% and 80%, respectively, after >49.5 Gy10 (20 patients) compared to 73%, 49% and not available, respectively, after <45 Gy10 (16 patients) (p=0.12). The OS-rates at 3, 5 and 10 years were 89%, 84% and 75%, respectively, with RT compared to 81%, 68% and 68%, respectively, without RT (p=0.20). In those patients receiving post-operative RT, the OS-rates at 3, 5 and 10 years were 94%, 94% and 81%, respectively, after >49.5 Gy10 compared to 91%, 78% and not available, respectively, after <45 Gy10 (p=0.62).

Subgroup analysis of patients receiving gross total resection. In the subgroup analysis of the 106 patients receiving GTR, post-operative RT did not significantly improve LC or OS. LC-rates at 3, 5 and 10 years were 75%, 75% and 75%, respectively, with RT (6 patients) compared to 83%, 65% and 43%, respectively, without RT (100 patients) (p=0.52). The corresponding OS-rates were 100%, 100% and 100%, respectively, with RT compared to 98%, 93% and 73%, respectively, without RT (p=0.41). The EQD2 had no significant impact on LC (p=0.32) or OS (p=1.00). LC-rates at 3, 5 and 10 years were 100% after <45 Gy10. After >49.5 Gy10, only the LC-rate at 3 years was available, which was 50%. OS-rates at 3, 5 and 10 years were 100% in both dose groups.

Discussion

In 2004, a retrospective analysis of individual patient data of 89 cases reported in the literature suggested that GTR resulted in significantly better LC and OS than STR (26). Moreover, in patients receiving STR both outcomes were significantly improved with the addition of post-operative RT. Since this analysis is almost 20 years old and included less than 100 patients, we felt that it is about time to perform an additional analysis in a larger cohort of patients. The need for such an analysis is supported by the fact that another group presented a retrospective meta-analysis about one year ago (27). The conclusions of this meta-analysis emphasized the importance of GTR and the role of post-operative RT after STR and, therefore, confirmed the findings from 2004 (26, 27). However, the meta-analysis was not based exclusively on individual patient data and did not provide Kaplan-Meier analysis including 3-, 5- and 10-year rates of LC and OS (27). In order to generate these important data, the present study was performed. The corresponding search of the literature revealed 184 patients with complete data including an appropriate period of follow-up who qualified for the analyses regarding LC and OS (2-25, 28-125). According to these analyses, GTR with or without RT resulted in significantly better LC and OS (Table III and Table IV). Moreover, on multivariate analyses, GTR proved to be an independent predictor of both outcomes. These results confirm the findings of the previous analysis from 2004 (26). When comparing the four investigated treatment regimens, the best outcomes were achieved with GTR+RT, and the least favorable outcomes with STR alone (Table III and Table IV). The results after GTR alone and STR+RT were almost similar. Therefore, it appeared that the addition of RT to STR could compensate the inadequate resection. These results of the present study also confirm the findings of the analysis from 2004 (26). The fact that GTR+RT resulted in the best long-term outcomes with 10-year LC- and OS-rates of 75% and 100%, respectively, poses the question whether GTR should also be followed by RT. However, when interpreting these results, the number of only 6 patients receiving RT after GTR must be considered. We feel that this small number does not allow valid conclusions. Moreover, in the specific subgroup analysis of patients in whom GTR was achieved, the addition of RT did not lead to significantly better LC or OS. Therefore, post-operative RT cannot be recommended after GTR at this stage. In the specific subgroup analysis of patients receiving STR, post-operative RT resulted in significantly better LC and showed a trend towards better OS. Therefore, the addition of RT after STR appears justified. Another important question affects the appropriate radiation dose following STR. In the previous analysis, doses of doses of 45-55 Gy appeared superior to doses ≤40 Gy (26). In an additional analysis published in 2006 that included 49 patients with spinal meningeal melanocytomas, doses of 50-52.5 Gy appeared superior to 30-45 Gy (128). Higher doses resulted in significantly better 5-year LC (100% vs. 33%, p=0.042) and non-significantly better 5-year OS (100% vs. 77%, p=0.33) (128). In the present study, higher doses showed a trend towards improved LC (p=0.12) with 5-year rates of 50% vs. 49%, respectively. The 5-year OS-rates were 94% and 78%, respectively (p=0.62). In this study, the radiation dose was given as EQD2. We compared an EQD2 of >49.5 Gy10 to <45 Gy10, since no patient received an EQD2 between these dose levels. A dose of 50.4 Gy given in 28 fractions of 1.8 Gy represents an EQD2 of 49.56 Gy10. The EQD2 of 50.4 Gy given in 28 fractions for radiation toxicity to the CNS such as brain necrosis or myelopathy is 47.88 Gy2 (alpha/beta ratio of 2 Gy) and, thus, lower than for 50 Gy in 25 fractions of 2 Gy (50.00 Gy2) (126, 127, 129, 130). Since 50.4 Gy is associated with a comparably low risk of CNS toxicity, we would recommend this regimen, particularly because the vast majority of patients with meningeal melanocytomas have favorable survival prognoses. When following our recommendations, the limitations of the current study need to be considered. These include the retrospective nature of the data analyses, the fact that 106 of 228 articles could not be considered due to incomplete data, and the non-standardized follow-up procedures and periods in the different articles used for the analyses. The reporting of meningeal melanocytoma cases must continue in order to allow additional studies in larger patient cohorts, particularly in patients receiving post-operative RT.

In conclusion, GTR with or without RT was significantly superior to STR±RT. After STR, post-operative RT led to significant improvement of long-term LC and was associated with non-significantly better OS. For patients receiving STR, RT doses with an EQD2 of >49.5 Gy10 appeared superior to <45 Gy10. Given the limitations of this study, a dose of 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions (EQD2=49.56 Gy10) appears recommendable, since this regimen is associated with a comparably low risk of CNS toxicity (EQD2=47.88 Gy2).

Acknowledgements

O.Z. received a scholarship from the University of Lübeck within the framework of the emergency aid program for the support of refugee academics from Ukraine.

Footnotes

  • Authors’ Contributions

    The study was designed by D.R., O.Z., J.G., and N.Y.Y.. The data were collected by D.R. and O.Z. and analyzed by D.R. and N.Y.Y.. The article was drafted by D.R. with the support of N.Y.Y.. The final version of the article was reviewed and approved by all Authors.

  • Conflicts of Interest

    On behalf of the Authors, the corresponding Author states that there are no conflicts of interest related to this study.

  • Received December 21, 2023.
  • Revision received February 13, 2024.
  • Accepted February 20, 2024.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY-NC-ND) 4.0 international license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0).

References

  1. ↵
    1. Limas C,
    2. Tio FO
    : Meningeal melanocytoma (“melanotic meningioma”). Its melanocytic origin as revealed by electron microscopy. Cancer 30(5): 1286-1294, 1972. DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(197211)30:5<1286::aid-cncr2820300522>3.0.co;2-v
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  2. ↵
    1. Verma DS,
    2. Spitzer S,
    3. Legha S,
    4. McCredie KB
    : Chemoimmunotherapy for meningeal melanocytoma of the thoracic spinal cord. JAMA 242(22): 2435, 1979. DOI: 10.1001/jama.1979.03300220047027
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Botticelli AR,
    2. Villani M,
    3. Angiari P,
    4. Peserico L
    : Meningeal melanocytoma of Meckel’s cave associated with ipsilateral Ota’s nevus case report. Cancer 51(12): 2304-2310, 1983. DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19830615)51:12<2304::aid-cncr2820511223>3.0.co;2-u
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Cordoba A,
    2. Tunon T,
    3. Vazquez JJ
    : [Meningeal melanocytoma. Presentation of a case and review of the literature]. Arch Neurobiol 52(2): 93-99, 1989.
    OpenUrl
    1. Tewari MK,
    2. Radotra BD,
    3. Sharma BS,
    4. Mathuriya SN,
    5. Pathak A,
    6. Banerjee AK,
    7. Kak VK
    : Meningeal melanocytoma: report of two cases. Ind J Cancer 27(3): 133-137, 1990.
    OpenUrl
  6. ↵
    1. Uematsu Y,
    2. Yukawa S,
    3. Yokote H,
    4. Itakura T,
    5. Hayashi S,
    6. Komai N
    : Meningeal melanocytoma: magnetic resonance imaging characteristics and pathological features. J Neurosurg 76(4): 705-710, 1992. DOI: 10.3171/jns.1992.76.4.0705
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  7. ↵
    1. Litofsky NS,
    2. Zee CS,
    3. Breeze RE
    : Meningeal melanocytoma: diagnostic criteria for a rare lesion. Neurosurgery 31(5): 945-948, 1982. DOI: 10.1227/00006123-199211000-00019
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Crouzet J,
    2. Richard S,
    3. Pillet G,
    4. Muckensturm B,
    5. Srour A,
    6. Pradat P
    : Multiple meningeal melanocytomas or pigmented meningeomas of the spinal canal. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 59(11): 738-743, 1992.
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. O’Brien TF,
    2. Moran M,
    3. Miller JH,
    4. Hensley SD
    : Meningeal melanocytoma. An uncommon diagnostic pitfall in surgical neuropathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 119(6): 542-546, 1995.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  10. ↵
    1. Ibáñez J,
    2. Weil B,
    3. Ayala A,
    4. Jiminez A,
    5. Acedo C,
    6. Rodrigo I
    : Meningeal melanocytoma: case report and review of the literature. Histopathology 30(6): 576-581, 1997. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.1997.5660798.x
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Leonardi MA,
    2. Lumenta CB,
    3. Stölzle A,
    4. Müller-Höcker J
    : Unusual clinical presentation of a meningeal melanocytoma with seizures: case report and review of the literature. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 140(6): 621-628, 1998. DOI: 10.1007/s007010050151
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Schindler CU,
    2. Kuchelmeister K,
    3. Richter HP,
    4. Schachenmayr W
    : [Meningeal melanoctoma]. Pathologe 19(4): 325-329, 1998. DOI: 10.1007/s002920050292
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  13. ↵
    1. Alameda F,
    2. Lloreta J,
    3. Galitó E,
    4. Roquer J,
    5. Serrano S
    : Meningeal melanocytoma: a case report and literature review. Ultrastruct Pathol 22(4): 349-356, 1998. DOI: 10.3109/01913129809103356
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Shimoda H,
    2. Oka K,
    3. Naoi Y,
    4. Nishida S,
    5. Oka T,
    6. Nakazato Y,
    7. Mori N
    : Primary melanocytoma arising from the thoracic leptomeninges case. Clin Neuropathol 18(2): 80-83, 1998.
    OpenUrl
    1. Czirják S,
    2. Vitanovic D,
    3. Slowik F,
    4. Magyar A
    : Primary meningeal melanocytoma of the pineal region. Case report. J Neurosurg 92(3): 461-465, 2000. DOI: 10.3171/jns.2000.92.3.0461
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  16. ↵
    1. Lach B,
    2. Russell N,
    3. Benoit B,
    4. Atack D
    : Cellular blue nevus (“Melanocytoma”) of the spinal meninges: electron microscopic and immunohistochemical features. Neurosurg 22(4): 773-780, 1988. DOI: 10.1227/00006123-198804000-00030
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Ruelle A,
    2. Tunesi G,
    3. Andrioli G
    : Spinal meningeal melanocytoma. Case report and analysis of diagnostic criteria. Neurosurg Rev 19(1): 39-42, 1996. DOI: 10.1007/BF00346608
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  18. ↵
    1. Barth A,
    2. Pizzolato GP,
    3. Berney J
    : Intramedullary meningeal melanocytoma. Neurochirurgie 39(3): 188-194, 1993.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  19. ↵
    1. Naul LG,
    2. Hise JH,
    3. Bauserman SC,
    4. Todd FD
    : CT and MR of meningeal melanocytoma. AJNR 12(2): 315-316, 1991.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
    1. Czarnecki EJ,
    2. Silbergleit R,
    3. Gutierrez JA
    : MR of the spinal meningeal melanocytoma. AJNR 18(1): 180-182, 1997.
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. Chen CJ,
    2. Hsu YI,
    3. Ho YS,
    4. Hsu YH,
    5. Wang LJ,
    6. Wong YC
    : Intracranial meningeal melanocytoma: CT and MRI. Neuroradiology 39(11): 811-814, 1997. DOI: 10.1007/s002340050510
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Kawaguchi T,
    2. Kawano T,
    3. Kazekawa K,
    4. Nakashima S,
    5. Honma T,
    6. Kaneko Y,
    7. Koizumi T,
    8. Dousaka A,
    9. Kishikawa M
    : Meningeal melanocytoma in the left frontal region. Brain Tumor Pathol 15(1): 58-62, 1998. DOI: 10.1007/BF02482102
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Painter TJ,
    2. Chaljub G,
    3. Sehti R,
    4. Singh H,
    5. Gelman B
    : Intracranial and intraspinal meningeal melanocytosis. AJNR 21(7): 1349-1353, 2000.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  24. ↵
    1. Shownkeen HN,
    2. Harmath C,
    3. Thomas C
    : Multiform cervical melanocytoma: a case report. Neuroradiology 44(12): 1008-1010, 2002. DOI: 10.1007/s00234-002-0875-y
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  25. ↵
    1. Rades D,
    2. Heidenreich F,
    3. Tatagiba M,
    4. Brandis A,
    5. Karstens JH
    : Therapeutic options for meningeal melanocytoma. J Neurosurg 95(2 Suppl): 225-231, 2001. DOI: 10.3171/spi.2001.95.2.0225
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  26. ↵
    1. Rades D,
    2. Schild SE,
    3. Tatagiba M,
    4. Molina HA,
    5. Alberti W
    : Therapy of meningeal melanocytomas. Cancer 100(11): 2442-2447, 2004. DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20296
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  27. ↵
    1. Ricchizzi S,
    2. Gallus M,
    3. Stummer W,
    4. Holling M
    : How should we treat meningeal melanocytoma? A retrospective analysis of potential treatment strategies. Cancers (Basel) 14(23): 5851, 2022. DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235851
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  28. ↵
    1. Strom RG,
    2. Shvartsbeyn M,
    3. Rosenblum MK,
    4. Hameed MR,
    5. Nafa K,
    6. Mikolaenko I,
    7. Babu RP
    : Melanocytic tumor with GNA11 p.Q209L mutation mimicking a foramen magnum meningioma. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 114(8): 1197-1200, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2012.02.030
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Ferracini R,
    2. Lemma E
    : Meningeal melanocytoma. Case Report. Tumori 60(3): 197-201, 1974. DOI: 10.1177/030089167406000304
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Steinberg JM,
    2. Gillespie JJ,
    3. MacKay B,
    4. Benjamin RS,
    5. Leaveus ME
    : Meningeal melanocytoma with invasion of the thoracic spinal cord. Case report. J Neurosurg 48(5): 818-824, 1978. DOI: 10.3171/jns.1978.48.5.0818
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Jellinger K,
    2. Böck F,
    3. Brenner H
    : Meningeal melanocytoma. Acta neurochir 94(1-2): 78-87, 1988. DOI: 10.1007/BF01406621
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Tatagiba M,
    2. Böker DK,
    3. Brandis A,
    4. Samii M,
    5. Ostertag H,
    6. Babu R
    : Meningeal melanocytoma of the C8 nerve root. Neurosurgery 31(5): 958-961, 1992. DOI: 10.1227/00006123-199211000-00023
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Balmaceda CM,
    2. Fetell MR,
    3. Powers J,
    4. OBrien JL,
    5. Housepian EH
    : Nevus of Ota and leptomeningeal melanocytic lesions. Neurology 43(2): 381-381, 1993. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.43.2.381
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Prabhu SS,
    2. Lynch PG,
    3. Keogh AJ,
    4. Parekh HC
    : Intracranial meningeal melanocytoma: a report of two cases and a review of the literature. Surg Neurol 40(6): 516-521, 1993. DOI: 10.1016/0090-3019(93)90058-9
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Maiuri F,
    2. Iaconetta G,
    3. Benvenuti D,
    4. Lamaida E,
    5. De Caro ML
    : Intracranial meningeal melanocytoma: Case report. Surg Neurol 44(6): 556-561, 1995. DOI: 10.1016/0090-3019(95)00182-4
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Gardiman M,
    2. Altavilla G,
    3. Marchioro L,
    4. Boscolo L,
    5. Alessio L,
    6. Piazza M
    : Meningeal melanocytoma: a rare lesion of the central nervous system. Tumori 82(5): 494-496, 1996. DOI: 10.1177/030089169608200518
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Hirose T,
    2. Horiguchl H,
    3. Kaneko F,
    4. Kusaka K,
    5. Morlzumi H,
    6. Seki K,
    7. Sano T
    : Melanocytoma of the foramen magnum. Pathol Int 47(2-3): 155-160, 1997. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1997.tb03733.x
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Clarke DB,
    2. Leblanc R,
    3. Bertrand G,
    4. Quartey GR,
    5. Snipes GJ
    : Meningeal melanocytoma. J Neurosurg 88(1): 116-121, 1998. DOI: 10.3171/jns.1998.88.1.0116
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Matsumoto S,
    2. Kang Y,
    3. Sato S,
    4. Kawakami Y,
    5. Oda Y,
    6. Araki M,
    7. Kawamura J,
    8. Uchida H
    : Spinal meningeal melanocytoma presenting with superficial siderosis of the central nervous system. J Neurosurg 88(5): 890-894, 1998. DOI: 10.3171/jns.1998.88.5.0890
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Kurita H,
    2. Segawa H,
    3. Shin M,
    4. Ueki K,
    5. Ichi S,
    6. Sasaki T,
    7. Tago M,
    8. Kirino T
    : Radiosurgery of meningeal melanocytoma. J Neurooncol 46(1): 57-61, 2000. DOI: 10.1023/a:1006335616839
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Rasmussen PV,
    2. Andersen C,
    3. Ulhoi BP
    : Intraspinal melanocytoma in a 16-year old girl. Ugeskr Laeger 162(14): 2052-2053, 2000.
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. Vajtai I,
    2. Hodi Z,
    3. Bozoky B,
    4. Varga Z
    : Meningeal melanocytoma. Orv Hetil 142(8): 399-404, 2001.
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. Chow M,
    2. Clarke DB,
    3. Maloney WJ,
    4. Sangalang V
    : Meningeal melanocytoma of the planum sphenoidale. J Neurosurg 94(5): 841-845, 2001. DOI: 10.3171/jns.2001.94.5.0841
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Delhaye M,
    2. Menei P,
    3. Rousselet MC,
    4. Diabira S,
    5. Mercier P
    : A case of intramedullary primary melanocytic tumor: meningeal melanocytoma or malignant melanoma? Neurochirurgie 47(2-3 Pt 1): 133-136, 2001.
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. Das A,
    2. Ratnagopal P,
    3. Puvanendran K,
    4. Teo JG
    : Spinal meningeal melanocytoma with hydrocephalus and intracranial superficial siderosis. Intern Med J 31(9): 562-564, 2001. DOI: 10.1046/j.1445-5994.2001.00119.x
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Iida M,
    2. Llena JF,
    3. Suarez MA,
    4. Malik S,
    5. Weidenheim KM,
    6. LaSala P,
    7. Hirano A
    : Two cases of spinal meningeal melanocytoma. Brain Tumor Pathol 19(1): 41-45, 2002. DOI: 10.1007/BF02482455
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Piercecchi-Marti M,
    2. Mohamed H,
    3. Liprandi A,
    4. Gambarelli D,
    5. Grisoli F,
    6. Pellissier J
    : Intracranial meningeal melanocytoma associated with ipsilateral nevus of Ota. J Neurosurg 96(3): 619-623, 2002. DOI: 10.3171/jns.2002.96.3.0619
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Classen J,
    2. Hehr T,
    3. Paulus W,
    4. Plate K,
    5. Bamberg M
    : Suprasellar melanocytoma: a case of primary radiotherapy and review of the literature. J Neurooncol 58(1):39-46, 2002. DOI: 10.1023/a:1015872207398
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Koenigsmann M,
    2. Jautzke G,
    3. Unger M,
    4. Théallier-Janko A,
    5. Wiegel T,
    6. Stoltenburg-Didinger G
    : June 2002: 57-year-old male with leptomeningeal and liver tumors. Brain Pathol 12(4): 519-521, 2002. DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2002.tb00472.x
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Gonçalves J,
    2. Díaz P,
    3. Subhi-Issa I,
    4. Maillo A,
    5. Blanco A
    : Spinal meningeal melanocytoma simulating neurinoma: case report. Neurocirurgia 13(5): 393-396, 2002. DOI: 10.1016/s1130-1473(02)70595-2
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Hamasaki O,
    2. Nakahara T,
    3. Sakamoto S,
    4. Kutsuna M,
    5. Sakoda K
    : Intracranial meningeal melanocytoma. Case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 42(11): 504-509, 2002. DOI: 10.2176/nmc.42.504
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Uozumi Y,
    2. Kawano T,
    3. Kawaguchi T,
    4. Kaneko Y,
    5. Ooasa T,
    6. Ogasawara S,
    7. Yoshida H,
    8. Yoshida T
    : Malignant transformation of meningeal melanocytoma: A case report. Brain Tumor Pathol 20(1): 21-25, 2003. DOI: 10.1007/BF02478943
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Rahimi-Movaghar V,
    2. Karimi M
    : Meningeal melanocytoma of the brain and oculodermal melanocytosis (nevus of ota): case report and literature review. Surg Neurol 59(3): 200-210, 2003. DOI: 10.1016/s0090-3019(02)01052-2
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Goyal A,
    2. Sinha S,
    3. Singh AK,
    4. Tatke M,
    5. Kansal A
    : Lumbar spinal meningeal melanocytoma of the L3 nerve root with paraspinal extension. Spine 28(7): E140-E142, 2003. DOI: 10.1097/01.BRS.0000051879.20360.8A
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Ahluwalia S,
    2. Ashkan K,
    3. Casey A
    : Meningeal melanocytoma: clinical features and review of the literature. Br J Neurosurg 17(4): 347-351, 2003. DOI: 10.1080/02688690310001601243
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Yukawa H,
    2. Seki H,
    3. Sugawara T,
    4. Boku N,
    5. Higuchi H,
    6. Ono S
    : A case of primary meningeal melanocytoma of the left middle fossa. No Shinkei Geka 31(9): 1023-1028, 2003.
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. Bydon A,
    2. Gutierrez JA,
    3. Mahmood A
    : Meningeal melanocytoma: an aggressive course for a benign tumor. J Neurooncol 64(3): 259-263, 2003. DOI: 10.1023/a:1025628802228
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Chen KT
    : Crush cytology of melanocytoma of the spinal cord. Acta Cytol 47(6): 1091-1094, 2003. DOI: 10.1159/000326654
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  59. ↵
    1. de Tella OI Jr.,
    2. Agner C,
    3. Aguiar PH,
    4. Herculano MA,
    5. Prandini MN,
    6. Stavile JN
    : Aggressive management of orbital meningeal melanocytoma. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 145(12): 1121-1126, 2003. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-003-0121-3
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Aimar E,
    2. Debernardi A,
    3. Tancioni F,
    4. Di Ieva A,
    5. Bossi P,
    6. Gaetani P,
    7. Rodriguez y Baena R
    : Meningeal melanocytoma of the temporal lobe. An uncommon tumor in an unusual location. Case report. J Neurosurg Sci 47(4): 211-214, 2003.
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. Turhan T,
    2. Oner K,
    3. Yurtseven T,
    4. Akalin T,
    5. Ovul I
    : Spinal meningeal melanocytoma. J Neurosurg 100(3 Suppl Spine): 287-290, 2004. DOI: 10.3171/spi.2004.100.3.0287
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Roser F,
    2. Nakamura M,
    3. Brandis A,
    4. Hans V,
    5. Vorkapic P,
    6. Samii M
    : Transition from meningeal melanocytoma to primary cerebral melanoma. J Neurosurg 101(3): 528-531, 2004. DOI: 10.3171/jns.2004.101.3.0528
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Rutten I,
    2. Bolle S,
    3. Kaschten B,
    4. Stevenaert A,
    5. Deneufbourg JM,
    6. Deprez M
    : Recurrent intracranial melanocytoma associated with a nevus of Ota. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 147(3): 313-315, 2005. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-004-0457-3
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Fagundes-Pereyra WJ,
    2. de Sousa L,
    3. Carvalho GT,
    4. Pittella JE,
    5. de Sousa AA
    : Meningeal melanocytoma of the posterior fossa: case report and literature review. Surg Neurol 63(3): 269-273, 2005. DOI: 10.1016/j.surneu.2004.05.035
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Hino K,
    2. Nagane M,
    3. Fujioka Y,
    4. Shiokawa Y
    : Meningeal melanocytoma associated with ipsilateral nevus of Ota presenting as intracerebral hemorrhage: case report. Neurosurgery 56(6): E1376-E1376, 2005. DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000159716.45457.bc
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Rousseau A,
    2. Bernier M,
    3. Kujas M,
    4. Varlet P
    : Primary intracranial melanocytic tumor simulating pituitary macroadenoma: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 57(2): E369-E369, 2005. DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000166686.19823.a9
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Koch HJ,
    2. Roeber S,
    3. Zimmermann UW,
    4. Schäfer C,
    5. Villarrubia V,
    6. Kuchelmeister K,
    7. Schachenmayr W,
    8. Bogdahn U,
    9. Steinbrecher A
    : Spinal and cerebral leptomeningeal seeding from a melanocytoma of the cerebello-pontine angle. Wien Med Wochenschr 155(15-16): 360-364, 2005. DOI: 10.1007/s10354-005-0199-8
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Offiah CJ,
    2. Laitt RD
    : Intracranial meningeal melanocytoma: a cause of high signal on T1- and low signal on T2-weighted MRI. Clin Radiol 61(3): 294-298, 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2005.10.012
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Beseoglu K,
    2. Knobbe CB,
    3. Reifenberger G,
    4. Steiger HJ,
    5. Stummer W
    : Supratentorial meningeal melanocytoma mimicking a convexity meningioma. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 148(4): 485-490, 2006. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-005-0705-1
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Mangels KJ,
    2. Johnson MD,
    3. Weil RJ
    : 35-year-old woman with progressive bilateral leg weakness. Brain Pathol 16(2): 183-4, 187, 2006. DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2006.00003_2.x
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. O’Brien DF,
    2. Crooks D,
    3. Mallucci C,
    4. Javadpour M,
    5. Williams D,
    6. du Plessis D,
    7. Broome J,
    8. Foy P,
    9. Pizer B
    : Meningeal melanocytoma. Childs Nerv Syst 22(6): 556-561, 2006. DOI: 10.1007/s00381-005-0019-x
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Wang F,
    2. Li X,
    3. Chen L,
    4. Pu X
    : Malignant transformation of spinal meningeal melanocytoma. J Neurosurg Spine 6(5): 451-454, 2007. DOI: 10.3171/spi.2007.6.5.451
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Horn EM,
    2. Nakaji P,
    3. Coons SW,
    4. Dickman CA
    : Surgical treatment for intramedullary spinal cord melanocytomas. J Neurosurg Spine 9(1): 48-54, 2008. DOI: 10.3171/SPI/2008/9/7/048
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Asanuma K,
    2. Kasai Y,
    3. Takegami K,
    4. Ito H,
    5. Yoshikawa T,
    6. Uchida A
    : Spinal neurocutaneous melanosis without cutaneous nevi. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 33(21): E798-E801, 2008. DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181808c9a
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Kini JR,
    2. Jeyraj V,
    3. Jayaprakash CS,
    4. Indira S,
    5. Naik CN,
    6. Rao D
    : Intraoperative smear cytology of meningeal melanocytoma of the posterior fossa. Cytopathology 20(1): 59-62, 2009. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2303.2007.00536.x
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. El-Khashab M,
    2. Koral K,
    3. Bowers DC,
    4. Johnson-Welch S,
    5. Swift D,
    6. Nejat F
    : Intermediate grade meningeal melanocytoma of cervical spine. Childs Nerv Syst 25(4): 407-410, 2009. DOI: 10.1007/s00381-008-0782-6
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Franken SPG,
    2. Setz-Pels W,
    3. Smink-Bol M,
    4. Gijtenbeek JM,
    5. Nanda D,
    6. van der Maazen RWM,
    7. Van Der Vliet T,
    8. Bussink J
    : Unusual case of bifocal leptomeningeal melanocytoma in the posterior fossa with seeding in the spinal canal. Br J Radiol 82(981): e182-e188, 2009. DOI: 10.1259/bjr/30756805
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Eskandari R,
    2. Schmidt MH
    : Intramedullary spinal melanocytoma. Rare Tumors 2(2): e24, 2010. DOI: 10.4081/rt.2010.e24
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Perrini P,
    2. Caniglia M,
    3. Pieroni M,
    4. Castagna M,
    5. Parenti GF
    : Malignant transformation of intramedullary melanocytoma. Neurosurgery 67(3): E867-E869, 2010. DOI: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000372919.96651.34
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  80. ↵
    1. Eun SS,
    2. Kim HS,
    3. Lee SH,
    4. Liu WC,
    5. Lee JH
    : Spinal meningeal melanocytoma in the S-1 nerve root sheath with paraspinal extension mimicking schwannoma. World Neurosurg 75(2): 303-306, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2010.06.034
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Wang F,
    2. Qiao G,
    3. Lou X,
    4. Song X,
    5. Chen W
    : Malignant transformation of intracranial meningeal melanocytoma. Case report and review of the literature. Neuropathology 31(4): 414-420, 2011. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2010.01160.x
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Mikamoto M,
    2. Seo Y,
    3. Ito T,
    4. Nakagawara J,
    5. Nakamura H,
    6. Tanaka S
    : [A case of meningeal melanocytoma in the cerebellopontine angle]. No Shinkei Geka 39(9): 859-864, 2011.
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. Pan H,
    2. Wang H,
    3. Fan Y
    : Intracranial meningeal melanocytoma associated with nevus of Ota. J Clin Neurosci 18(11): 1548-1550, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2011.01.040
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Zeiler FA,
    2. Krcek JP
    : Plaque-type blue nevus with meningeal melanocytomas. Can J Neurol Sci 39(1): 117-120, 2012. DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100022150
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Reddy R,
    2. Krishna V,
    3. Sahu B,
    4. Uppin M,
    5. Sundaram C
    : Multifocal spinal meningeal melanocytoma – an illustrated case review. Turk Neurosurg 22(6): 791-4, 2011. DOI: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.4322-11.1
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Lin B,
    2. Yang H,
    3. Qu L,
    4. Li Y,
    5. Yu J
    : Primary meningeal melanocytoma of the anterior cranial fossa: a case report and review of the literature. World J Surg Oncol 10: 135, 2012. DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-10-135
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Muthappan M,
    2. Muthu T,
    3. Hussain Z,
    4. Lamont D,
    5. Balakrishnan V
    : Cervical intramedullary melanocytoma: A case report and review of literature. J Clin Neurosci 19(10): 1450-1453, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2011.09.040
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Dorwal P,
    2. Mohapatra I,
    3. Gautam D,
    4. Gupta A
    : Intramedullary melanocytoma of thoracic spine: A rare case report. Asian J Neurosurg 9(1): 36-39, 2014. DOI: 10.4103/1793-5482.131068
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Sodhi HB,
    2. Salunke P,
    3. Sahoo SK,
    4. Radotra BD,
    5. Kumar N
    : Primary ventral foramen magnum meningeal melanocytoma. Neurol India 62(2): 230, 2014. DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.132452
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Muñoz-Hidalgo L,
    2. Lopez-Gines C,
    3. Navarro L,
    4. Callaghan RC,
    5. San Miguel T,
    6. Gil-Benso R,
    7. Quilis V,
    8. Botella L,
    9. Gonzalez-Darder J,
    10. Cerda-Nicolas M
    : BRAF V600E mutation in two distinct meningeal melanocytomas associated with a nevus of Ota. J Clin Oncol 32(20): e72-e75, 2014. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2013.48.8718
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
    1. Ren Y,
    2. Xiao A,
    3. Wu X,
    4. Zhang Y
    : Meningeal melanocytoma of the middle cranial fossa (the Meckel’s cave). Neurol India 63(2): 260, 2015. DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.156300
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Samadian M,
    2. Nejad AM,
    3. Bakhtevari MH,
    4. Sabeti S,
    5. Sharifi G,
    6. Jabbari R,
    7. Rezaei O
    : Primary meningeal melanocytoma in the left temporal lobe associated with nevus Ota: a case report and review of the literature. World Neurosurg 84(2): 567-573, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.03.061
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Shin D,
    2. Sinha M,
    3. Kondziolka DS,
    4. Kirkwood JM,
    5. Rao UN,
    6. Tarhini AA
    : Intermediate-grade meningeal melanocytoma associated with nevus of Ota: a case report and review of the literature. Melanoma Res 25(4): 273-278, 2015. DOI: 10.1097/CMR.0000000000000163
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Lee NK,
    2. Lee JY,
    3. Wang KC,
    4. Kim DG,
    5. Park SH,
    6. Cheon JE,
    7. Phi JH,
    8. Kim SK
    : Primary atypical melanocytoma arising from the cavernous sinus in a child. Childs Nerv Syst 31(9): 1577-1582, 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s00381-015-2741-3
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Sun J,
    2. Wang C,
    3. Shu Q,
    4. Liu J,
    5. Mao G
    : A case report on intermediate-grade malignant meningeal melanocytoma with elevated cell proliferation index. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 8(9): 11698-11703, 2015.
    OpenUrl
    1. Sakata K,
    2. Miyoshi J,
    3. Takeshige N,
    4. Komaki S,
    5. Miyagi N,
    6. Nakashima S,
    7. Morioka M,
    8. Sugita Y
    : Primary meningeal melanocytoma of the sellar region: review of the literature and differential diagnosis with special reference to angiographical features. Pituitary 18(5): 685-694, 2015. DOI: 10.1007/s11102-015-0635-8
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Chatterjee U,
    2. Halder A,
    3. Bera S,
    4. Datta C,
    5. Choudhuri MK
    : Squash cytopathology of primary meningeal melanocytoma. Neurol India 64(1): 152, 2016. DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.173644
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Yang C,
    2. Fang J,
    3. Li G,
    4. Jia W,
    5. Liu H,
    6. Qi W,
    7. Xu Y
    : Spinal meningeal melanocytomas: clinical manifestations, radiological and pathological characteristics, and surgical outcomes. J Neurooncol 127(2): 279-286, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-2006-8
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Marwaha N,
    2. Batanian JR,
    3. Coppens JR,
    4. Pierson MJ,
    5. Richards-Yutz J,
    6. Ebrahimzadeh J,
    7. Ganguly A,
    8. Guzman MA
    : Subcutaneous melanocytoma mimicking a lipoma: a rare presentation of a rare neoplasm with histological, immunohistochemical, cytogenetic and molecular characterization. J Cutan Pathol 43(12): 1186-1196, 2016. DOI: 10.1111/cup.12808
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Lee JK,
    2. Rho YJ,
    3. Jeong DM,
    4. Rhim SC,
    5. Kim SJ
    : Diagnostic clue of meningeal melanocytoma: case report and review of literature. Yonsei Med J 58(2): 467-470, 2017. DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2017.58.2.467
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Lach B,
    2. Reddy K,
    3. Sommer DD,
    4. Whitton AC,
    5. Baweja R
    : Amelanotic melanocytoma of the sella mimicking pituitary adenoma. Clin Neuropathol 36(11): 283-287, 2017. DOI: 10.5414/NP301033
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Wang F,
    2. Ling S
    : Primary meningeal melanocytoma in sellar region, simulating a nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma: case report and literature review. World Neurosurg 112: 209-213, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.01.145
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Gamoh S,
    2. Tsuno T,
    3. Akiyama H,
    4. Kotaki S,
    5. Nakanishi T,
    6. Tsuji K,
    7. Yoshida H,
    8. Shimizutani K
    : Intracranial meningeal melanocytoma diagnosed using an interdisciplinary approach: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 12(1): 177, 2018. DOI: 10.1186/s13256-018-1725-9
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Sharma V,
    2. Bhaskar S,
    3. Kumar A,
    4. Bhardwaj M
    : Conus melanocytoma: A rare spinal tumor. Neurol India 67(2): 591, 2019. DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.258008
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Matsuno H,
    2. Takasu S,
    3. Seki Y
    : Usefulness of neuromelanin sensitive MRI for en plaque meningeal melanocytoma involving the cavernous sinus: a case report. NMC Case Rep J 6(2): 43-46, 2019. DOI: 10.2176/nmccrj.cr.2018-0211
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Kuo KL,
    2. Lin CL,
    3. Wu CH,
    4. Chang CH,
    5. Tsai HP,
    6. Loh JK,
    7. Lieu AS,
    8. Su YF
    : Meningeal melanocytoma associated with Nevus of Ota: analysis of twelve reported cases. World Neurosurg 127: e311-e320, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.03.113
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Bourhis A,
    2. Quintin-Roué I,
    3. Redon S,
    4. Bourhis M,
    5. Magro E,
    6. Seizeur R,
    7. Marcorelles P,
    8. Uguen A
    : Meningeal melanoma arising from a preexisting meningeal melanocytoma: A clinical, pathological and cytogenetic study about one case. Ann Pathol 39(5): 352-356, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2019.01.010
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  108. ↵
    1. Yin M,
    2. Ma J,
    3. Ye J,
    4. Xu H,
    5. Mo W
    : 8-year follow-up for woman with spinal meningeal melanocytoma in S1 nerve root: case report and literature review. World Neurosurg 129: 143-147, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.05.147
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Al-Abdulwahhab AH,
    2. Al-Sharydah AM,
    3. Al-Suhibani SS,
    4. Al-Shayji H,
    5. Al-Saad I,
    6. Al-Issawi W
    : Primary pigmented meningeal melanocytoma originating in Meckel cave in a patient with carney complex: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 99(3): e18783, 2020. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000018783
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Miura I,
    2. Kubota M,
    3. Momosaki O,
    4. Nyui M,
    5. Takebayashi K,
    6. Kawamata T,
    7. Yuzurihara M
    : A rapidly growing cervical meningeal melanocytoma with a dumbbell-shaped extension. World Neurosurg 134: 90-93, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.10.150
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Akgun MY,
    2. Isler C,
    3. Ulu MO
    : C6-T1 intradural extramedullary ventral meningeal melanocytoma resected via anterior corpectomy with reconstruction. World Neurosurg 138: 457-460, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.03.122
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Tateyama M,
    2. Fujimoto T,
    3. Nakamura T,
    4. Miyamoto T
    : Meningeal melanocytoma occurring at epidural region of the cervical spine. Spine Surg Relat Res 4(4): 377-379, 2020. DOI: 10.22603/ssrr.2020-0027
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. San-Miguel T,
    2. Navarro L,
    3. Sánchez-Sendra B,
    4. Megías J,
    5. Muñoz-Hidalgo L,
    6. Santonja N,
    7. López-Ginés C,
    8. Cerdá-Nicolas M
    : Identification of a novel BRCA1 alteration in recurrent melanocytoma resulting in increased proliferation. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 79(11): 1233-1238, 2020. DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa089
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Hean V,
    2. Bouleftour W,
    3. Ramirez C,
    4. Forest F,
    5. Boutet C,
    6. Rivoirard R
    : Nivolumab as adjuvant treatment for a spinal melanocytoma: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 100(19): e25862, 2021. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000025862
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Shaikh ST,
    2. Gupta GS,
    3. Mohanty CB,
    4. Deopujari CE
    : Spinal nerve root extradural melanocytoma progressing to malignant melanoma: a case report with review of literature. Asian J Neurosurg 16(2): 394-397, 2021. DOI: 10.4103/ajns.AJNS_416_20
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Uramaru K,
    2. Sakata K,
    3. Shimohigoshi W,
    4. Kawasaki T,
    5. Manaka H
    : Primary meningeal melanocytoma located in the craniovertebral junction: a case report and literature review. NMC Case Rep J 8(1): 349-354, 2021. DOI: 10.2176/nmccrj.cr.2020-0191
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Flores A,
    2. Gadot R,
    3. Noorbhai I,
    4. Hall H,
    5. Heck KA,
    6. Raper DMS,
    7. Xu D,
    8. Karas P,
    9. Mandel JJ,
    10. Ropper AE
    : S-100-negative, GNA11 mutation-positive intramedullary meningeal melanocytoma of the thoracic spine: A radiographic challenge and histologic anomaly. Surg Neurol Int 12: 315, 2021. DOI: 10.25259/SNI_416_2021
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Chan IYM,
    2. Li H,
    3. Shi T,
    4. Hammond RR,
    5. Jurkiewicz MT
    : Parietal convexity meningeal melanocytoma: Radiologic-pathologic correlation. Can J Neurol Sci 48(5): 719-721, 2021. DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2020.256
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Smetak MR,
    2. Cass ND,
    3. Paueksakon P,
    4. Perkins EL,
    5. O’Malley M,
    6. Chambless L,
    7. Tawfik KO
    : Intermediate-grade primary melanocytic neoplasm of the cerebellopontine angle: A diagnostic challenge. Ear Nose Throat J Mar: 0145561 32210767, 2022. DOI: 10.1177/01455613221076783
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Deng SL,
    2. Wang YB,
    3. Wang DH,
    4. Zhan S,
    5. Jing Y,
    6. Guan Y
    : Malignant transformation and metastatic spread of dumbbell-shaped meningeal melanocytoma of the cervical spine: a case report and literature review. Front Surg 9: 789256, 2022. DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.789256
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Hanna SS,
    2. Jewell R,
    3. Anker CJ,
    4. DeWitt JC,
    5. Tranmer B,
    6. Thomas AA
    : Clinical reasoning: a 67-year-old woman with abdominal pain, constipation, and urinary retention. Neurology 99(3): 117-122, 2022. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000200748
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Donofrio C,
    2. Roncaroli F,
    3. Riccio L,
    4. Pereira M,
    5. O’Sullivan J,
    6. Mayers H,
    7. Potter G,
    8. Djoukhadar I,
    9. Rutherford S
    : A challenging case of sporadic melanocytoma of the jugular foramen. Neurochirurgie 68(4): 453-457, 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2021.06.001
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Hou W,
    2. Yu J,
    3. Gao S,
    4. Chu Y
    : Primary cervical meningeal melanocytoma with a dumbbell shape: Case report and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 102(14): e33435, 2023. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000033435
    OpenUrlCrossRef
    1. Daoud L,
    2. Gunes Tatar I,
    3. Raftopoulos C,
    4. Lammens M
    : Intermediate grade meningeal melanocytoma of the posterior fossa, GNAQ mutation-positive. Acta Neurol Belg 124(1): 311-314, 2024. DOI: 10.1007/s13760-023-02298-8
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  125. ↵
    1. Tsai MH,
    2. Lin WP,
    3. Liao WA,
    4. Chiang PY,
    5. Lin YC
    : Recurrent spinal meningeal melanocytoma at lumbar spine level: a case report. Br J Neurosurg 37(5): 1163-1166, 2023. DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2020.1867062
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  126. ↵
    1. Barendsen GW
    : Dose fractionation, dose rate and iso-effect relationships for normal tissue responses. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 8(11): 1981-1997, 1982. DOI: 10.1016/0360-3016(82)90459-x
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  127. ↵
    1. Steel GG
    1. Joiner MC,
    2. Van der Kogel AJ
    : The linear-quadratic approach to fractionation and calculation of isoeffect relationships. In: Basic Clinical Radiobiology. Steel GG (ed.). New York, Oxford University Press, pp. 106-112, 1997.
  128. ↵
    1. Rades D,
    2. Schild SE
    : Dose-response relationship for fractionated irradiation in the treatment of spinal meningeal melanocytomas: a review of the literature. J Neurooncol 77(3): 311-314, 2006. DOI: 10.1007/s11060-005-9048-2
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  129. ↵
    1. Emami B,
    2. Lyman J,
    3. Brown A,
    4. Coia L,
    5. Goitein M,
    6. Munzenrider JE,
    7. Shank B,
    8. Solin LJ,
    9. Wesson M
    : Tolerance of normal tissue to therapeutic irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 21(1): 109-122, 1991. DOI: 10.1016/0360-3016(91)90171-y
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  130. ↵
    1. Marks LB,
    2. Yorke ED,
    3. Jackson A,
    4. Ten Haken RK,
    5. Constine LS,
    6. Eisbruch A,
    7. Bentzen SM,
    8. Nam J,
    9. Deasy JO
    : Use of normal tissue complication probability models in the clinic. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 76(3 Suppl): S10-S19, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.07.1754
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
Back to top

In this issue

Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Email Article
Citation Tools
Reprints and Permissions
The Role of Radiotherapy for Meningeal Melanocytomas – A 20 Year Update
DIRK RADES, OKSANA ZEMSKOVA, JAN GLIEMROTH, NATHAN Y. YU
In Vivo May 2024, 38 (3) 1220-1228; DOI: 10.21873/invivo.13558
Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo

Jump to section

Keywords