Figure 1. Modulation of cytokine responses to lysate from mycolactone-positive (M+) Mycobacterium ulcerans by diethyl azelate (DEA) in the EpiDerm human skin model (A and B) and in human dendritic cells (C). A: Comparison of the effects of DEA versus vehicle in EpiDerm tissue and media without bacterial lysate. B: Differential treatment effects in EpiDerm tissue and media in the absence (blue line) and presence of DEA (orange line). C: Cytokine responses evoked in conditioned media from human plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Dendritic cells (4×105 in 250 μl RPMI-1640) were cultured for 24 hours in the presence of 0.5% DEA, M+ lysate (106 cells/50 l) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (50 μg/ml) as indicated. Biomarker levels are plotted as percentage differences between treatments as indicated. No difference between treatments is indicated by the zero line; values >0 indicate biomarker up-regulation and values <0 indicate biomarker down-regulation. The following biomarkers were examined: 1: Interleukin 1 beta (IL1B); 2: IL1A; 3: IL2; 4: IL2; 5: IL5; 6: IL6.; 7: IL7; 8: IL8; 9: IL10; 10: IL12p40; 11: IL17; 12: interferon gamma (INFG), 13: granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (CSF2), 14: tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), 15: myeloperoxidase (MPO), 16: soluble Fas cell surface death receptor (sFAS), 17: sFAS ligand (sFASL), 18: transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA), 19: granulocyte colony stimulating factor (CSF3), 20: macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1A), 21: macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta (MIP-1B), 22: eotaxin, 23: vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 24: leptin, 25: interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP10), 26: regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted chemokine (RANTES), 27: monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), 28: C-reactive protein (CRP), 29: IL1 receptor agonist (IL1RA), 30: IL15, 31: adiponectin, 32: resistin, 33: vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), 34: signal lymphocyte activation molecule associated protein (SAP), 35: serpin 1, 36: fractalkine, 37: intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), 38: interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC), 39: serum amyloid A (SAA), 40: soluble E-selectin, 41: hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), 42: macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), 43: epithelial growth factor (EGF), 44: sCD40 ligand, 45: matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), 46: MMP1, 47: MMP3, 48: MMP9, 49: MMP13, 50: MMP12, 51: MMP7, 52: MMP8.