Abstract
Background: Although the CheckMate 214 trial affirmed the effectiveness of nivolumab–ipilimumab combination therapy in advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), its safety and efficacy in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on haemodialysis remains unexplored. Case Report: All patients were male and underwent mRCC treatment with partial nephrectomy or nephrectomy. They had ESRD and were undergoing haemodialysis. Cases 1 and 2 showed lymph node and lung metastases after initial surgery and received nivolumab–ipilimumab therapy. Case 1 had grade 3 adrenal insufficiency after four courses, which was controlled with steroids. Case 2 did not experience adverse events. Both were well controlled with complete (CR) or partial response (PR). Case 3 suffered local recurrence after nephrectomy and received combination therapy. Grade 3 adrenal insufficiency occurred following three courses, and tumour size did not change remarkably. Conclusion: Nivolumab–ipilimumab combination therapy can effectively treat mRCC patients with ESRD undergoing haemodialysis.
The treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) changed significantly with the arrival of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). For patients classified as having intermediate- and poor-risk according to International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium (IMDC) (1), nivolumab–ipilimumab combination therapy offers significantly higher overall survival (OS) rates than sunitinib as shown in the CheckMate 214 trial (2). However, this clinical trial excluded patients with ESRD undergoing haemodialysis. The incidence of RCC in haemodialysis patients is higher than in the general population (3). In addition, patients with mRCC are more commonly encountered in real-world clinical practice. However, there is a lack of established treatment strategies for mRCC patients undergoing haemodialysis.
Herein, we report findings from three patients with mRCC undergoing haemodialysis treated with nivolumab–ipilimumab combination therapy.
Case Report
The characteristics and treatment outcomes of the three patients are summarized in Table I.
Case summary.
Case 1. A 70-year-old-male was diagnosed with a right renal tumour during a screening abdominal ultrasound examination and was referred to our hospital for further assessment. He had stage 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to renal sclerosis. Enhanced computed tomography (CT) revealed suspicious RCC with a diameter of 55 mm located in the upper pole of the right kidney. He had undergone robot-assisted partial nephrectomy in August 2018. Pathological findings revealed clear cell RCC, pT1b, and a negative surgical margin. Follow-up CT in September 2019 showed metastasis on back skin and, subsequently, metastasectomy was performed. The pathological diagnosis was metastatic RCC. Paraaortic lymph node (LN) metastasis occurred in December 2019, and lung metastasis was observed in February 2020. His renal function worsened, and haemodialysis was initiated in April 2020. Because of enlarging LN and lung metastases, he was treated with nivolumab (240 mg) plus ipilimumab (1 mg/kg) therapy every 3 weeks for IMDC intermediate risk mRCC in May 2020. After 4 courses of nivolumab–ipilimumab therapy, LN (Figure 1A) and lung lesions showed CR.
Computed tomography imaging findings for cases 1 and 2. (A) The image shows lymph node metastases before treatment and after 4 nivolumab plus ipilimumab therapy courses. Lymph node metastases were not observed. (B) The image shows lung hilar lymph node metastases before treatment and after four courses of combination therapy. Lymph node metastases were not observed.
Subsequently, according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5.0 a grade 3 central adrenal insufficiency, which is an immune-related adverse event (irAE), occurred. Adrenal insufficiency was controlled using oral steroids. He was treated with nivolumab (480 mg) every 4 weeks. He repeatedly suffered adrenal insufficiency due to a urinary tract infection. Therefore, nivolumab therapy was discontinued. However, the disease remains under control, and his CR status has remained for seven months after stopping nivolumab.
Case 2. A 63-year-old man was referred to our hospital for bilateral kidney tumours diagnosed using regular enhanced CT. He had been undergoing haemodialysis for ESRD due to chronic glomerulonephritis since 1994. Left laparoscopic nephrectomy was performed in April 2011, and a right nephrectomy was performed in June 2011. Pathological findings showed papillary RCC (pT1a) on the left and clear cell RCC (pT1a) on the right; both surgical margins were negative. Following surgery, the patient stopped hospital visits. In September 2020, he visited our hospital with lung and LN metastases diagnosed on CT at a maintenance dialysis hospital. He was treated with nivolumab (240 mg) and ipilimumab (1 mg/kg) every 3 weeks for IMDC intermediate risk mRCC. The lung and LN metastases decreased in size (PR) without any adverse events (Figure 1B). Following 4 courses of combination therapy, nivolumab therapy was started every 4 weeks. So far, he has received five courses of nivolumab. His tumour growth remains controlled with PR status, and no adverse events have been noted until writing this report.
Case 3. A 40-year-old man had been undergoing haemodialysis for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), whose aetiology was unknown, since 2008. He had undergone laparoscopic nephrectomy for a left renal cystic tumour at another hospital in 2018, and the renal cyst was ruptured during the surgery. The pathological diagnosis was clear cell RCC (pT1a), and the surgical margin was negative. A follow-up CT in December 2019 revealed soft tissue masses in the left retroperitoneal space. These tumours enlarged by January 2021, and he was referred to our hospital for treatment. He was started on nivolumab (240 mg) and ipilimumab (1 mg/kg) every 3 weeks for IMDC intermediate risk mRCC. Following three courses of combination therapy, he was admitted to the emergency department due to high fever and fatigue. Grade 3 central adrenal insufficiency was diagnosed during a further examination, and the patient received steroid therapy. The size of the locally recurrent tumours did not change significantly, suggesting a stable disease (SD). After controlling the adrenal insufficiency using steroids, we initiated nivolumab monotherapy (480 mg/4 weeks). He was treated with three courses of nivolumab and has attained SD status without additional AEs.
Discussion
The CheckMate 214 trial in 2018 demonstrated the effectiveness of first-line treatment with nivolumab–ipilimumab combination therapy for advanced or metastatic clear cell RCC. Combination therapy can also be helpful for non-clear cell RCC (4), even with cardiac metastases (5). In contrast, combination therapy for papillary RCC had a high rate of progressive disease (PD) and poorer progression-free survival than that of clear cell RCC (6). However, both studies excluded haemodialysis patients. Therefore, there is no established treatment strategy for mRCC patients with ESRD undergoing haemodialysis.
There are several case reports of ESRD patients with mRCC treated using ICIs. A 68-year-old man with mRCC receiving haemodialysis for 20 years reportedly had a controlled disease with long-term use of nivolumab without immune-related adverse events (irAEs) after sunitinib was considered ineffective (7). In another case, a 77-year-old man with mRCC undergoing haemodialysis, nivolumab was used as the fourth-line treatment. He suffered respiratory failure two weeks after initiating nivolumab and required intubation. His case was considered as tumour pseudoprogression, and his condition improved with antibiotics and diuresis, allowing extubation after 2 days. Eight months after initiating nivolumab, the patient’s cancer attained PR status (8). Cavalcante et al. reported two cases of haemodialysis patients with metastatic melanoma treated using ipilimumab (9). Although grade 1 itching appeared, ipilimumab therapy helped achieve PR status in the first case, and the other case achieved CR status with grade 3 bullous pemphigoid. It was said that irAEs were associated with the prognosis of patients with mRCC treated ICIs. Moreover, patients with irAEs had significantly longer OS and progression-free survival than those without (10).
In our case, the tumour was well controlled in every patient with either CR, PR, or SD status. Because our cases were clear cell or papillary RCC, the effectiveness of combination therapy for the patients with acquired cystic disease associated RCC, which occurred in heamodialysis patients as well, was unclear. Moreover, we have to consider site-specific responses to nivolumab may vary depending on the organ that has metastasized (11).
However, in terms of adverse events, two of the three patients suffered grade 3 central adrenal insufficiency, which was controllable using steroid therapy. The adrenal insufficiency recurred in the first patient due to infections.
A systematic review of the literature found that patients receiving combination ICIs had a higher incidence of adrenal insufficiency than those receiving ICI monotherapy (12-14). However, this review did not discuss cases of haemodialysis patients. Several patients with central adrenal insufficiency induced by ipilimumab reportedly need to continue steroid therapy due to persistent central adrenal insufficiency (15). Patients with ESRD can have a higher incidence of infections than the general population because of acquired immune deficiency (16), and steroids can further increase the risk of infections (17). Considering these observations, haemodialysis patients have a considerable risk of infections when on steroids. Based on our case findings, infections were thought to have induced relative adrenal insufficiency, as in our first case. In patients undergoing heamodialysis and receiving combination ICIs, infections or any stress might induce relative adrenal insufficiency. However, comparing AE in haemodialysis patients remains challenging due to the limited number of case reports.
Haemodialysis patients receiving steroids due to irAEs must be carefully followed up. The nivolumab–ipilimumab combination therapy for mRCC patients with ESRD can help manage the disease effectively.
Conclusion
We reported the cases of three patients with mRCC undergoing haemodialysis treated using nivolumab–ipilimumab combination therapy. We consider that early detection of irAEs and proper treatment is critical, especially in haemodialysis patients treated with combination therapy. The nivolumab–ipilimumab combination therapy can be considered effective even in haemodialysis patients with mRCC.
Footnotes
This article is freely accessible online.
Authors’ Contributions
YK wrote this manuscript and provided a table and figure. YK, KY, JI, TK, HI, KT and TT cared for the patients and administered the combination therapy. All Authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest
All Authors have no conflicts of interest to declare in relation to this study.
- Received July 30, 2021.
- Revision received August 27, 2021.
- Accepted September 2, 2021.
- Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by the International Institute of Anticancer Research.
