Abstract
Background/Aim: Perforation and postoperative complications have a negative effect on long-term outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical factors with special reference to postoperative complications predicting the long-term outcome in those for whom curative resection for perforated CRC was performed. Patients and Methods: Patients who underwent curative resection for perforated CRC at stage II or III from April 2003 to March 2020 were included. Clinical factors were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Forty-four patients met the selection criteria. The 30-day mortality rate was 4.5% and the complication rate was 47.7%. Excluding 30-day mortality, five-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were 62.3% and 73.6%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that postoperative complications (p=0.005) and pT4 pathological factor (p=0.009) were independent prognostic factors for RFS. Only postoperative complications (p=0.023) were an independent prognostic factor for OS. Conclusion: Postoperative complications were significantly associated with RFS and OS, and pT4 was associated with RFS. The prevention and management of postoperative adverse events may be important for perforated CRC.
Perforated colorectal cancer (CRC) is complicated by both septic and oncological problems. Fecal leakage causes peritonitis, and in many cases emergent surgical procedures are required (1). In addition, extensive lymph node dissection is also necessary (2). After recovering from sepsis, patients confront both a high rate of recurrence and poor survival. The long-term outcome of perforated CRC patients was reported to be poor compared with CRC without perforation (2-6).
Postoperative complications reportedly result in poor outcomes after resection of CRC (7, 8). Adjuvant chemotherapy is recommended for stage III and high-risk stage II disease (9); however, postoperative complications lead to delays in adjuvant chemotherapy (10). The prognostic factors that affect long-term survival and recurrence after curative resection for perforated CRC are unclear. Furthermore, the relationship between postoperative complications and long-term outcome has been rarely reported.
The aim of this study was to review clinical data of perforated CRC and evaluate various clinical factors with special reference to postoperative complications predicting the long-term outcome of patients who underwent curative resection for perforated CRC.
Patients and Methods
We performed a retrospective review of medical records of consecutive patients who underwent primary curative tumor resection for perforated CRC from April 2003 to March 2020 at Sasebo City General Hospital. Patients who experienced perforation after intubation of a transanal drainage tube (n=11), from a self-expandable metallic stent (n=2), during colonoscopy (n=2), or during chemotherapy (n=2), or who had appendiceal cancer perforation (n=2) were excluded. Only adenocarcinomas were included. Finally, 44 patients were included in the analysis. This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board of the participating hospital, and informed consent was waived. The ethics approval number was 2020-A019.
We reviewed and recorded the following data: sex, age, American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status (ASA-PS), tumor location, presence or absence of emergent surgery, site of perforation, type of surgery, extent of lymph node dissection, histological type, pathological T stage, pathological N stage, lymphovascular invasion, number of dissected lymph nodes, postoperative complications, adjuvant chemotherapy, local recurrence, distant metastasis, and survival time.
The tumor stage was classified according to tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification (11). Postoperative complications were defined as complications that occurred within 30 days of the primary surgery. Patients with Clavien-Dindo grade 2 or higher complications were included in the complications group (12). Tumor location was classified as colon (cecum to rectosigmoid colon) and rectum. The site of perforation was divided into two groups: perforation of normal mucosa at the proximal side of the tumor and cancer site perforation (13).
Statistical analyses were performed using Bell Curve for Excel software, version 2.02 (Social Survey Research Information Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The data are presented as median values with ranges. Continuous data were compared using the Student’s t-test, and categorical data were compared using Fisher’s exact test or the chi-squared test, as appropriate. Five-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated according to the Kaplan-Meier method. Patients who died within 30 days after surgery were excluded from the analysis of long-term outcomes. OS was defined as the duration from surgery to death or last follow-up. RFS was defined as the duration from surgery to cancer recurrence.
Multivariate analysis using a Cox hazards model was performed to identify the independent risk factors for OS. All variables related to the risk of RFS or OS with a p-value <0.10 on univariate analysis were included in the multivariate analysis. All p-values of <0.05 were considered significant.
Results
Table I shows the clinicopathological characteristics of 44 patients. The study population included 19 male (43.2%) and 25 female (56.8%) patients, with a median age of 76 (range=42-88) years. Among these patients, 18 (42.9%) had a poor performance status (ASA-PS≥3). Most had colon cancer (n=38, 86.4%), and sigmoid colon cancer accounted for the majority of patients. Thirteen patients (29.5%) had the perforation site at the oral site of the cancer and the rest experienced perforation at the cancer site. Most patients (n=35, 81.8%) underwent emergent surgery defined as surgery performed within 24 hours from hospital admission. Twenty-five patients (56.8%) underwent tumor resection and stoma construction. Two patients (4.5%) underwent resection and anastomosis with temporary stoma construction and 17 patients (38.6%) received resection without stoma construction. Histopathologically, 19 patients (43.2%) were diagnosed as pathological T4 (pT4). Eleven (25.0%) patients had stage III disease (25.0%). Most patients had lymphovascular invasion (n=35, 79.5%). Thirty-day mortality was 4.5% (n=2). Eighteen patients (40.9%) received adjuvant chemotherapy.
Clinical characteristics of perforated colorectal cancer patients.
Table II shows the postoperative complications. The overall postoperative complication rate (CD≥2) was 47.7% (n=21). Among 21 patients with morbidities, 10 (22.7%) had grade II complications, including wound infection (n=6, 13.6%), prolonged ileus (n=4, 9.1%), and heart failure (n=1, 2.3%). Eight patients (18.2%) had grade III complications, including intraabdominal abscess (n=4, 9.1%), wound infection (n=2, 4.5%), stoma necrosis (n=1, 2.3%), and pneumonia (n=1, 2.3%). One patient (2.3%) had grade IV prolonged sepsis and two patients (4.5%) experienced postoperative death within 30 days related to prolonged sepsis (grade V).
Postoperative complications (CD grade 2-5).
Table III shows the clinical differences between patients with and without postoperative complications. There were no significant differences in sex, age, ASA-PS, emergent surgery, site of perforation, type of surgery, pathological T stage, stage, and adjuvant chemotherapy. The rate of rectal cancer was higher in the postoperative complications group.
Comparison of clinical characteristics between perforated colon cancer patients with postoperative complications (CD ≥2) and without postoperative complications (CD <2).
Among 42 patients, excluding two patients who experienced 30-day mortality, the median follow-up period of the present study was 41 months (range=0-190 months). Thirteen patients experienced recurrence including peritoneal dissemination (n=4), liver metastasis (n=3), lung metastasis (n=3), lymph node metastasis (n=2), and ovarian metastasis (n=1). The 5-year actuarial RFS was 62.3% (Figure 1a). RFS was poor in the postoperative complications group (p=0.006; Figure 1b) and in pT4 patients (p=0.034; Figure 1c). Table IV shows the results of univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors for RFS. Postoperative complications (p=0.027) and pT4 (p=0.046) were significantly associated with RFS on univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis showed that postoperative complications (OR=5.720; 95% CI=1.695-19.305; p=0.005) and pT4 (OR=5.226; 95% CI=1.518-18.000; p=0.009) were independent prognostic factors for RFS.
Recurrence-free survival (RFS) estimates (a), according to the presence or absence of postoperative complications (b), and pT1-3 vs. pT4 (c).
Clinical factors predicting RFS after curative resection of perforated colorectal cancer.
The 5-year OS was 73.6% (Figure 2a). OS was poor in the postoperative complications group (p=0.019; Figure 2b) and in patients who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy (p=0.016; Figure 2c). Table V shows the results of univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors for OS. Postoperative complications (p=0.034) and adjuvant chemotherapy (p=0.044) were significantly associated with OS on univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis showed that only postoperative complications (OR=6.627; 95% CI=1.304-33.683, p=0.023) was an independent prognostic factor for OS.
Overall survival (OS) estimates (a), according to the presence or absence of postoperative complications (b), and by the presence or absence of adjuvant chemotherapy (c).
Clinical factors predicting OS of curative resection of perforated colorectal cancer.
Discussion
This single center retrospective study investigated the long-term outcomes of perforated CRC patients who underwent primary curative tumor resection. Postoperative complications and pT4 were independent risk factors for poor RFS. Furthermore, postoperative complications were an independent risk factor for poor OS.
Perforated CRC patients face the life-threatening conditions of both malignant disease and sepsis (1). These patients often require emergent surgery (1), with perioperative mortality ranging between 11%-21% (13-18). Furthermore, even after perforated CRC patients recover from peritonitis and the perioperative phase, colorectal perforation is reported to be a risk factor for poor prognosis (2-5) and high recurrence (3, 6). This high recurrence rate is reported to be associated with the dissemination of cancer cells due to perforation and reduced lymph node dissection (13).
Postoperative complications after resection of CRC have been reported to be a factor associated with worse survival and a higher recurrence rate (7, 8) and the relationship between postoperative complications after curative perforated CRC and long-term outcome have been rarely reported.
In the current study, the rate of postoperative complications was 47.7% and included eight cases of wound infection, eight cases of intraabdominal complications including stoma, and five cases associated with general condition. Although the severity of the tumor and the general performance status could affect the long-term outcome, excluding two cases of postoperative mortality, there was no difference between with or without complications except for the location of the tumor.
Adjuvant chemotherapy is recommended for stage III and high-risk stage II disease, including perforated CRC patients (9). Meanwhile, postoperative complications are associated with delays in adjuvant chemotherapy (10) and these delays lead to worse RFS and OS (19). In this study, there was no difference in RFS and OS between the cases with and without adjuvant chemotherapy on multivariate analysis; however, the delay in postoperative chemotherapy tended to be more than 8 weeks in the postoperative group (3/6 (50%) vs. 1/12 (8.3%); p=0.080). This delay in adjuvant chemotherapy might have affected the long-term outcome.
The results of our study suggest that complications of surgery for perforated CRC may affect both short- and long-term cancer outcomes. This research also revealed that pT4 is associated with the high recurrence rate. Previous research revealed several risk factors for the long-term outcome of perforated CRC. Lymph node metastasis (3, 14) and oral site perforation, compared with cancer site perforation (14), were reported to be risk factors for poor OS and RFS. Insufficient lymph node dissection (2), pathological stage (20), and free perforation compared to contained perforation (18), were reported to be associated with poor OS. Although perforated CRC requires a short surgical time from the viewpoint of emergent surgery with sepsis, extensive lymph node dissection is required to improve the long-term outcome. In these years the long-term outcome of colorectal cancer is reported to be poor in right-sided cancer compared to left-sided (21). In this study, there was no statistical differences in 5-year OS (right-sided, 77.8% vs. left-sided, 71.8%; p=0.910) and RFS (right-sided, 63.5% vs. left-sided, 62.2%; p=0.883). Regarding anastomosis, primary anastomosis with or without ileostomy was reported to be equivalent in perforated diverticulitis, but not cancer perforation (22). The safety of primary anastomosis for perforated CRC is controversial. Thus, simple surgical procedures should be considered to reduce postoperative complications and to prevent a delay in adjuvant chemotherapy.
Regarding strengths and weaknesses of this study, the present study had several limitations. First, relatively few patients were evaluated and the study design was retrospective. Because of the low incidence of the disease, reportedly 2.6-10% among CRC patients (1), it is hard to recruit many patients. Further prospective studies in larger cohort are needed to further confirm our results. Second, the surgical procedure and induction of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy were dependent on the surgeons and cases. Third, there might be a time bias as the data in this study were collected over a relatively long period. During this time, the surgical procedures and postoperative treatment might have changed.
The strength of this study is that our cohort included only consecutive patients who experienced curative resection for perforated CRC. Long-term outcome and the analysis of the risk factor of poor OS and RFS after resection for perforated CRC is limited and this result can be a valuable report.
In conclusion, postoperative complications and pT4 were associated with RFS, and postoperative complications also increased the risk of poor OS. The prevention and management of postoperative adverse events may be important to improve RFS and OS for perforated CRC.
Acknowledgements
The Authors would like to thank H. Nikki March, Ph.D., from Edanz Group (https://en-author-services.edanzgroup.com/ac) for editing a draft of this manuscript.
Footnotes
Authors’ Contributions
Shintaro Hashimoto and Kiyoaki Hamada were responsible for the study concept. Shintaro Hashimoto, Kiyoaki Hamada, Araki Masato, Yorihisa Sumida, Koki Wakata, Tota Kugiyama, Ayako Sibuya, Masato Nishimuta, Shigeyuki Morino, Masayuki Baba, Soichiro Kiya, and Keisuke Ozeki collaborated in the patients’ medical care. Yorihisa Sumida and Akihiro Nakamura reviewed the manuscript. All Authors approved the final article.
This article is freely accessible online.
Conflicts of Interest
None of the Authors has any financial interest related to this study.
- Received October 15, 2020.
- Revision received November 18, 2020.
- Accepted November 20, 2020.
- Copyright© 2021, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved
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