Abstract
Aim: To establish a novel systemic inflammatory score (SIS) combined with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CAR) and to validate its prognostic value and relation with serum cytokine levels in patients who underwent esophagectomy for esophageal cancer (EC). Patients and Methods: Preoperative NLR, PLR, and CAR were evaluated in 102 patients undergoing esophageal resection for EC from 2009 to 2014. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves censored for 5-year survival were plotted to determine the cutoff values of each measure. Each measure was scored 1 if it was above the cutoff value (NLR >3.12, PLR >230, and CAR >0.085) and scored 0 if it was below that. The SIS was defined as the sum of these values and was divided into the two groups: High SIS (SIS=2-3) and low SIS (SIS=0-1). Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine the prognostic significance. The area under the ROCs (AUROC) was compared to verify the discriminative power of survival prediction. In addition, we analyzed the relationship between SIS and perioperative serum interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 levels. Results: In the clinicopathological findings, only tumor depth was significantly related to SIS (p=0.004). At 0.732, the AUROC of SIS was the highest (NLR=0.618, PLR=0.545), and CAR=0.712). The high-SIS group had a significantly poorer prognosis than the low-SIS group (p=0.011). SIS was identified as an independent prognostic factor in the multivariate analysis (hazard ratio=1.96, 95% confidence intervaI=1.11-3.41, p=0.020). The preoperative serum interleukin-6 level was significantly low (p=0.046) and postoperative serum interleukin-10 level was significantly high in the high-SIS group (p=0.047). Conclusion: SIS was a superior predictor of prognosis compared with existing immunoinflammatory markers and closely reflected the fluctuation of peripheral inflammatory cytokines in patients with EC.
- Esophageal cancer
- neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio
- platelet-lymphocyte ratio
- C-reactive protein/albumin ratio
- prognosis
Esophageal cancer (EC) is the ninth most common type of cancer and was the sixth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in 2018 (1). Even after curative surgery, the 5-year survival rate ranges from 15% to 25% in most countries due to the high rate of recurrence and rapid progression (2). The systemic inflammatory response is associated with the growth and progression of various cancer types (3-5). Recently, many studies reported that immunoinflammatory measures such as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and C-reactive protein (CRP)/albumin ratio (CAR), and inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL10, and IL18, are related to survival outcomes in several malignancies (6-13). In EC, we previously reported that the CAR was the most significant predictor of overall survival (OS) among these immunoinflammatory measures in patients with EC and suggested a correlation between immunoinflammatory measures and inflammation in the tumor microenvironment (14). However, these immunoinflammatory measures are often affected by factors such as preoperative co-morbidities, the use of drugs, and noncancer-related as well as cancer-related inflammation. For example, patients with EC with severe stenosis due to tumor may frequently have subclinical pneumonia and poor oral intake, leading to an elevated CRP level and hypoalbuminemia, respectively. Thus, we hypothesized that the combination of immunoinflammatory measures rather than a single measure more precisely predict the long-term outcomes in patients with EC.
In the present study, we established a novel inflammation-based prognostic score, the systemic inflammatory score (SIS), by combining existing immunoinflammatory measures and validated its prognostic value in patients with EC who underwent curative esophagectomy. In addition, we elucidated the relationship between immunoinflammatory measures and perioperative cytokine levels.
Patients and Methods
Patients. This study was performed with the approval of the Internal Review Board on ethical issues of National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan (Approval number: 2967). A database containing 102 patients with primary EC who underwent radical esophagectomy between January 2009 and December 2014 at the National Defense Medical College Hospital was retrospectively reviewed. The tumor node metastasis criteria from the eighth edition of the Union for International Cancer Control classification system were used for tumor staging (15).
Evaluation of immunoinflammatory measures and definition. A peripheral blood test was performed before administering any treatments, including neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The NLR was defined as the absolute neutrophil count divided by the absolute lymphocyte count. The PLR was defined as the absolute platelet count divided by the absolute lymphocyte count. The CAR was defined by dividing the serum CRP level by the serum albumin level. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were censored for 5-year survival to determine the optimal cutoff values of the indicators. The patients were categorized into high and low NLR, PLR, and CAR groups, respectively, as follows: NLR >3.12 and ≤3.12; high PLR: >230 and ≤230; and CAR: 0.085 and ≤0.085. Each measure was scored 1 if it was above the cutoff value and scored 0 if it was the below that. The SIS was defined as the sum of these values. Figure 1 shows the calculation of the SIS and patients were divided into two groups: high SIS: SIS=2-3 points, low SIS: SIS=0-1 point.
Detection of serum cytokine levels. Blood samples drawn preoperatively and on the morning of postoperative day 1 were stored in tubes containing ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid. For detection of serum ILs, samples were centrifuged at 1,000 × g for 30 min at 4°C within 2 h after drawing. The plasma supernatants were carefully pipetted and transferred to polypropylene tubes and stored at −80°C until analysis. Serum IL levels were measured with a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (Shino-Test Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) using a multifunctional auto analyzer (Bio-Rad 680; Bio-Rad laboratories, Tokyo, Japan) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The optical density of each sample was determined at an absorbance of 450 nm using a microplate reader (Well Reader SK-601; Seikagaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan).
Statistical analysis. The statistical analyses were performed using the Wilcoxon test and chi-square tests. Hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were used. We compared the discriminatory abilities of the factors to predict OS using the Kaplan–Meier method (log-rank test) and ROC curves to determine the area under the curve of these inflammation-based measures and SIS. Univariate and multivariate analyses for OS were performed to examine the influence of clinicopathological features and the SIS.
The method used for calculating the systemic inflammatory score (SIS). Each measure was scored 1 if it was above the cutoff neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) of 3.12, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) of 230 and C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CAR) of 0.085, and scored 0 if it was below it. The SIS was defined as the sum of these values and patients were divided into two groups on the basis of SIS (high SIS: score 2-3; low SIS: score 0-1).
Overall survival curves for patients with esophageal cancer stratified by systemic inflammatory score (SIS). The high-SIS group displayed significantly lower overall survival rates than the low-SIS group (p=0.011).
All differences were considered significant at a value of p<0.05. All statistical analyses were performed using JMP 14 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).
Results
Patient characteristics and relationships of SIS with clinicopathological features. The clinicopathological features are summarized in Table I. There were no differences in age, sex, tumor location, nodal involvement, pathological stage, tumor type, degree of differentiation, operative procedure, and frequency of receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy between the two SIS groups, except for the tumor depth, which was greater in the group with a high SIS (p=0.004).
Relation of systemic inflammatory score (SIS) with clinicopathological features.
Survival analysis associated with SIS. The OS rates were significantly worse in the high-SIS group than those in the low-SIS group (p=0.011) (Figure 2). The 5-year OS rates in the high and low-SIS groups were 10.7% and 48.7%, respectively. The corresponding median survival time was 345 and 867 days, respectively. Univariate analysis demonstrated that age, tumor location, tumor depth, nodal involvement, and SIS were correlated with OS. Furthermore, multivariate analysis demonstrated that age (HR=2.10, 95% CI=1.21-3.56, p=0.009), tumor location (HR=0.35, 95% CI=0.20-0.62, p<0.001), tumor depth (HR=2.93, 95% CI=1.30-5.09, p=0.008), nodal involvement tumor location (HR=1.99, 95% CI=1.07-3.93, p=0.030), and SIS (HR=1.96, 95% CI=1.11-3.41, p=0.020) were independent prognostic factors for OS (Table II).
Comparison of prognostic values of NLR, PLR, CAR, and SIS. ROC curves were used to evaluate the discriminative power of these scores (Table III and Figure 3). The AUROC of SIS of 0.732 was the highest (p=0.008), followed by those of CAR (0.712), NLR (0.618), and PLR (0.545).
Correlations between immunoinflammatory measures and perioperative cytokine levels. Table IV shows the relationship between immunoinflammatory measures and preoperative and postoperative serum IL6 and IL10 levels. The preoperative serum IL6 level in the high-SIS group was significantly lower than that in the low-SIS group (22.6±8.0 vs. 54.2±10.3 pg/ml, p=0.046), although there were no differences in NLR, PLR, and CAR. There were no differences in the preoperative serum IL10 level by any immunoinflammatory measure. The postoperative serum IL10 level in the high-SIS group was significantly higher than that in the low-SIS group (46.7±9.4 vs. 30.0±3.6 pg/ml, p=0.047) but there were no differences in NLR, PLR, and CAR. In addition, there were no differences in postoperative serum IL6 level by any immunoinflammatory measure.
Prognostic factors for overall survival identified by univariate and multivariate analyses.
Discussion
It is well known that cancer-related inflammation is associated with tumor proliferation and progression in various types of cancer (4, 5). Immunoinflammatory measures such as NLR, PLR, and CAR have been reported to predict long-term outcome in patients with EC (6-13). In this study, we showed that a high SIS was an independent prognostic factor for poor OS, and the AUROC for SIS was the highest among the measures investigated, suggesting that the SIS predicts the prognosis of patients with EC more accurately than the NLR, PLR, and CAR.
In this study, we demonstrated that patients with high SIS frequently had deeper tumor depth than those with low SIS, which was consistent with previous reports. Shimada et al. speculated that poor prognosis in patients with high NLR was associated with larger tumor volumes in gastric cancer (16). Tumor invasion is a neoplastic process that is strongly associated with cancer-related inflammation (4). However, the relationship between inflammation and tumor progression remains controversial. IL6 has been reported to play important roles in the inflammation of the tumor microenvironment and tumor progression via the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathway (17-21). Inflammation is generally considered to promote tumor invasion, and high serum IL6 has been associated with poor prognoses in different types of cancer (22, 23). However, some studies have suggested that proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL1α, IL1β, IL6) derived from tumor specific CD4+ T-cells participate in cancer eradication by recruiting leucocytes from the systemic circulation, suggesting that nonspecific inflammation that lacks tumor specificity may even promote tumor development (24-26). In addition, some histopathological studies have shown that tumor infiltration by inflammatory cells may be associated with better prognoses in some types of cancer (25, 26). In this study, we demonstrated that the high-SIS group had lower preoperative serum IL6 levels than did the low-SIS group. Although we do not have a definitive answer regarding lower preoperative IL6 levels in the high-SIS group, these conflicting results might be the result of neoadjuvant chemotherapy or steroids for premedication. In this study, the high-SIS group had significantly higher postoperative serum IL10 levels than the low-SIS group, but no difference was observed in the other immunoinflammatory measures. We speculated that a higher inflammatory state, characterized by a high SIS, is associated with a larger anti-inflammatory response after surgery. Indeed, there is increasing evidence that higher expression of immunosuppressive factors in the serum and peritoneal cavity is associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis in patients with malignancies (27-29).
Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for each immunoinflammatory measure.
The receiver operating characteristic curves for the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (A), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) (B), C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CAR) (C), and systemic inflammatory score (SIS) (D). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) for SIS was the highest among measures investigated.
The correlation between the systemic inflammatory score (SIS) and interleukin-6 and -10 levels.
This study has some limitations. Firstly, it was conducted at a single institution using a retrospective design and a relatively small number of patients. Secondly, there are no universally agreed upon criteria for determining the cutoff values of NLR, PLR, and CAR for EC. A prospective study with more patients with EC is necessary to clearly establish appropriate cutoff values of NLR, PLR, and CAR.
In conclusion, SIS, which was calculated by combining existing immunoinflammatory measures, was found to be the most significant predictor of OS in patients with EC undergoing resection, and it may predict a higher postoperative IL10 level, which may be an indication of the higher inflammatory response and be associated with poor OS.
Acknowledgements
The Authors would like to thank Enago (www.Enago.jp) for English language review.
Footnotes
Authors' Contributions
Takafumi Suzuki, Yusuke Ishibashi, Hironori Tsujimoto, Shinsuke Nomura, Keita Kouzu, Yujiro Itazaki, Takao Sugihara, Manabu Harada, Nozomi Ito, and Hidekazu Sugasawa, contributed to the design and experiment of this study. Hironori Tsujimoto, Yoji Kishi, and Hideki Ueno contributed to writing the draft and supervising this study. All Authors have approved the article and agree with its submission.
This article is freely accessible online.
Conflicts of Interest
The Authors report no proprietary or commercial interest in any product mentioned or concept discussed in this article.
- Received September 22, 2020.
- Revision received October 5, 2020.
- Accepted October 6, 2020.
- Copyright© 2020, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved
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