Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Current Issue
  • Archive
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Advertisers
    • Editorial Board
  • Other Publications
    • Anticancer Research
    • Cancer Genomics & Proteomics
    • Cancer Diagnosis & Prognosis
  • More
    • IIAR
    • Conferences
  • About Us
    • General Policy
    • Contact
  • Other Publications
    • In Vivo
    • Anticancer Research
    • Cancer Genomics & Proteomics

User menu

  • Register
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
In Vivo
  • Other Publications
    • In Vivo
    • Anticancer Research
    • Cancer Genomics & Proteomics
  • Register
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart
In Vivo

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Current Issue
  • Archive
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Advertisers
    • Editorial Board
  • Other Publications
    • Anticancer Research
    • Cancer Genomics & Proteomics
    • Cancer Diagnosis & Prognosis
  • More
    • IIAR
    • Conferences
  • About Us
    • General Policy
    • Contact
  • Visit iiar on Facebook
  • Follow us on Linkedin
Research ArticleClinical Studies

Impact of Surgical Resection on Metachronous Metastases of Colorectal Cancer According to Tumor Doubling Time

HIROAKI MIYAKE, KOJI MURONO, KAZUSHIGE KAWAI, HIROAKI NOZAWA, HARUFUMI MAKI, KIYOSHI HASEGAWA, JUN NAKAJIMA and SOICHIRO ISHIHARA
In Vivo November 2020, 34 (6) 3367-3374; DOI: https://doi.org/10.21873/invivo.12175
HIROAKI MIYAKE
1Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: MIYAKEH-SUR@h.u-tokyo.ac.jp
KOJI MURONO
1Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
KAZUSHIGE KAWAI
1Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
HIROAKI NOZAWA
1Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
HARUFUMI MAKI
2Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Artificial Organ and Transplantation Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
KIYOSHI HASEGAWA
2Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Artificial Organ and Transplantation Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
JUN NAKAJIMA
3Department of Thoracic Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
SOICHIRO ISHIHARA
1Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

Abstract

Background/Aim: We aimed to elucidate the prognostic impact of tumor doubling time (DT) and radical surgery when classified by DT in patients with metachronous liver, lung, or peritoneal metastases of colorectal cancer (CRC). Patients and Methods: We reviewed the data of 1941 patients who underwent curative surgery for CRC and calculated DT for recurrences using computed tomography. Results: Short DT was an independent prognostic risk factor in liver (p<0.001) and peritoneal (p=0.03) metastases. Survival was significantly better in patients who underwent surgery than in those who did not, both in short and long DT groups in any metastatic organ (p<0.01). Patients with long DT gained significantly better prognostic benefit from surgery than those with short DT in liver (p=0.01) and peritoneal (p=0.04) metastases. Conclusion: Surgery is recommended for resectable metastases, especially in patients with liver and peritoneal metastases with long DT.

  • Colorectal carcinoma
  • doubling time
  • prognosis
  • recurrence
  • tumor growth rate

The liver, lung, and peritoneum are the most frequent metastatic sites in colorectal cancer (CRC), and there is a consensus that radical surgery improves the prognosis of metastases in the liver (1, 2), lung (2, 3), and peritoneum (4-8). However, patients with metastases of CRC sometimes experience early recurrence and poor prognosis despite radical surgery. Therefore, the decision to operate high-risk patients must be taken carefully.

The tumor growth rate may influence the tumor recurrence rate. Tumor doubling time (DT) has been used as an indicator of the tumor growth rate. DT is the time taken for a tumor to double in volume, and was first proposed by Collins (9, 10). Previously, in some studies, short DT was reported as an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in liver (11-14), lung (15, 16), and peritoneal (17) metastases of CRC. However, these studies included only patients who underwent radical surgery for metastases. No studies have been conducted on all recurrent patients including patients treated non-operatively. Therefore, it is unclear whether the prognosis is improved by radical surgery when stratified according to short and long DT groups.

Here, we aimed to elucidate the prognostic impact of DT and radical surgery in all patients with metachronous liver, lung, or peritoneal metastases of CRC.

Patients and Methods

Patient selection. Between January 2004 and December 2015, a total of 1,941 consecutive patients who underwent curative surgery for stage I-IV CRC at The University of Tokyo Hospital were retrospectively evaluated. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease-associated CRC and familial adenomatous polyposis were excluded. We analyzed prognosis in patients with metachronous liver, lung, and peritoneal metastases. DT was not considered when deciding on the treatment method for patients with metachronous metastases. The protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of The University of Tokyo. The approval number was 3252-(9).

Patient follow-up. Postoperative surveillance was performed according to the surveillance schedule recommended by the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum guidelines (18). Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) measurement, computed tomography (CT), and colonoscopy were performed every 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively for 3 years, followed by CEA measurement and CT every 6 months during the next 2 years.

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
  • Download powerpoint
Table I.

Patient characteristics.

Measurements of DT. DT was calculated according to a previously described method (17, 19). Briefly, DT was mainly calculated from the tumor diameter measured by CT (slice thickness: 5.0 mm) twice during the radiotherapy- and chemotherapy-free interval. When the lesion was too small to determine whether it was a recurrence, we evaluated it using CT again 1-3 months later and diagnosed it as recurrence in case of an increase in size. In other cases, when the small sized recurrent lesions were detected in CT before the diagnosis of recurrence in a retrospective evaluation, we calculated DT immediately. Cases where obtaining accurate measurements of the tumor diameter was difficult or when CT was performed only once were excluded from the evaluation of DT.

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
  • Download powerpoint
Table II.

Univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors of overall survival after metachronous liver metastases of CRC.

DT cut-off values. Patients with metachronous metastases were stratified into two groups according to DT in each recurrent organ; short and long DT groups. The cut-off values for liver, lung, and peritoneal metastases were determined as 45, 100, and 137 days, respectively, according to previously reported median values (16, 17, 20).

Statistical analyses. In this study, we analyzed survival after recurrence, which was defined as the interval between the diagnosis of metachronous metastases and the last follow-up or death. Overall survival (OS) rates were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. To compare the effect of surgical resection in short and long DT groups, the analysis of interaction test was used. Cox proportional hazards univariate and multivariate models were constructed to detect risk factors for OS. The factors analyzed included sex, age, primary site of tumor, histology, vascular/lymph invasion, tumor stage, number of examined lymph nodes, N stage, presence of distant metastasis, CEA level, administration of adjuvant chemotherapy, DT for metachronous lesion, concurrent metastases at other sites, resection of metachronous lesion, and the peritoneal cancer index in cases of metachronous peritoneal metastasis. In the multivariate analysis, the variables with p<0.05 from the univariate analysis were included. We considered p-values <0.05 to be statistically significant. All data were analyzed statistically using JMP Pro 14 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).

Results

Patient characteristics. Patient characteristics are summarized in Table I. The average (±standard deviation) age was 66 (±11.5) years. The median follow-up time was 5.0 years (range=0.1-14.8 years). Of all 1,941 patients who underwent curative surgery for stage I-IV CRC, recurrences were detected in 466 patients (24.0%). Among the recurrent organs, the liver was most commonly involved (n=212), followed by the lung (n=156) and peritoneum (n=114), and DT could be calculated in 191, 127, and 90 patients, respectively. The median DT for recurrences in the liver, lung, and peritoneum were 32 (range=5-319), 66 (range=6-249), and 87 (range=12-523) days, respectively. The median DT was the shortest in the liver, followed by the lung and peritoneum (p<0.001). In patients who underwent surgical resection, the median DT for recurrences in the liver, lung, and peritoneum was 39 (range=10-319), 85 (range=18-249), and 120 (range=30-523) days, respectively and in patients treated non-operatively, these were 24 (range=5-120), 58 (range=6-248), and 56 (range=12-213) days, respectively. The resection rate of the recurrent organs was the highest for the liver (69.3%), followed by the lung (47.5%) and peritoneum (35.1%).

Risk factors for OS after metachronous metastases. These data are summarized in Tables II, III, and IV. In the univariate analysis, short DT was a significant risk factor for poor OS in any organ (liver, lung, and peritoneum). In the multivariate analysis, short DT was an independent risk factor for poor OS in the liver [hazard ratio (HR)=3.44, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.87-6.84; p<0.001] and peritoneum (HR=2.53, 95%CI=1.09-6.96; p=0.03). Moreover, not operating in patients with metachronous metastases was an independent risk factor for poor OS in the liver (HR=4.74, 95%CI=2.79-8.08; p<0.001), lung (HR=5.72, 95%CI=2.84-12.4; p<0.001), and peritoneum (HR=7.34, 95%CI=3.17-19.1; p<0.001).

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
  • Download powerpoint
Table III.

Univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors of overall survival after metachronous lung metastases of CRC.

Patient prognosis. In patients with liver, lung, and peritoneal metastases, the 5-year OS rates after metachronous metastases were 51.9%, 47.0%, and 13.7%, respectively, and the median OS time was 5.4, 4.9, and 2.3 years, respectively. OS after metachronous metastases according to DT are shown in Figure 1. The prognosis in patients with short DT was significantly worse than that in patients with long DT in any organ. The 5-year OS rates in patients with short and long DT were 37.0% and 84.4% in liver metastasis (p<0.001), 41.3% and 91.5% in lung metastasis (p=0.001), and 3.2% and 67.9% in peritoneal metastasis (p<0.001), respectively.

Survival curves according to DT and surgical resection are shown in Figure 2. In patients with metachronous liver, lung, and peritoneal metastases, the 5-year OS rates in those who underwent radical surgery were 92.1%, 96.3%, and 88.9% in the long DT group and 53.0%, 71.1%, and 11.8% in the short DT group, respectively. OS was significantly better in patients who underwent radical surgery than in those who did not, both in short and long DT groups in liver (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively), lung (p<0.001 and p=0.001, respectively), and peritoneal (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively) metastases, respectively.

In patients with long DT, the HRs for not undergoing versus undergoing surgical resection were 29.5, 8.12, and 50.6 for metastases in the liver, lung, and peritoneum, respectively. These HRs were higher than those in patients with short DT for metastases in the liver (HR=29.5 vs. 5.38, 95%CI=8.95-97.4 vs. 3.31-8.75) and peritoneum (HR=50.6 vs. 6.20, 95%CI=5.41-473 vs. 2.80-13.8). The analysis of the interaction test showed that patients with long DT gained significantly better prognostic benefit from surgical resection than those with short DT in liver (p=0.01) and peritoneal (p=0.04) metastases. No significant difference between the two groups was observed for cases with lung metastasis (p=0.80).

Discussion

This is the first study to evaluate the impact of DT as a predictive factor for prognosis in all patients with metachronous metastases of CRC, including both patients who underwent radical surgery and those treated non-operatively. Short DT has previously been described as an independent risk factor for poor OS and relapse-free survival (RFS) among patients who underwent radical surgery for liver (11) and peritoneal (17) metastases. These results are consistent with our present study. In lung metastasis, the association between DT and prognosis was shown by evaluating RFS (15, 16), but not OS. In our present study concerning lung metastasis, HR for short versus long DT, suggested a lower OS for patients with short DT, but the difference was not statistically significant (HR=2.16, 95%CI=0.88-6.52; p=0.10). Further studies are needed to identify the association between DT and the prognosis for lung metastasis.

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
  • Download powerpoint
Table IV.

Univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors of overall survival after metachronous peritoneal metastases of CRC.

OS rates were significantly better in patients who underwent radical surgery than in those who did not, both in short and long DT groups for any metastatic lesion. In previous studies, the prognosis in patients with metastases of CRC was improved by surgical resection in the liver (1, 2), lung (2, 3), and peritoneum (4-8). Therefore, surgical resection is recommended in the Japanese guidelines for the treatment of CRC (18). Our finding that surgical resection was beneficial regardless of the length of DT supports this idea. Moreover, the analysis of the interaction test showed that the impact of surgical resection was significantly higher in patients with long DT than in those with short DT in liver and peritoneal metastases. Therefore, patients with long DT were considered better candidates for surgical resection of liver and peritoneal metastases than those with short DT. In patients with short DT, the 5-year OS rates in those who underwent radical surgery were 53.0% and 71.1% in liver and lung metastases, respectively; however, most patients with peritoneal metastasis who underwent radical surgery died within 5 years. In addition, surgical resection for metastatic lesions can be sometimes invasive. Therefore, the decision on surgical resection for peritoneal metastasis with short DT should be made carefully.

The median DT in our study was shorter than that reported in previous studies (16, 17, 20), which maybe because of the difference in the inclusion criteria. While previous studies were designed only for those patients who underwent radical surgery for metastases, our study was designed for all recurrent patients including those who underwent radical surgery and those treated non-operatively. In the present study, DT in patients treated non-operatively was shorter than that in patients who underwent surgical resection. DT in patients who underwent surgical resection was consistent with that reported in previous studies. The tumor progression in patients with short DT was considered rapid and unresectable. The prognosis in patients who underwent radical surgery was significantly better than that in patients treated non-operatively even in the short DT group. Therefore, it is important to detect recurrences at an early stage before they become unresectable through surveillance after surgical resection. There are conflicting reports about whether intensive surveillance improves the patient's OS (21-24) or not (25-29). Surveillance schedule in Japan (18) is more intensive than that in Europe and the United States (30-32). Because tumors with short DT are associated with low surgical resection rates, intensive surveillance may improve the prognosis in the short DT group. A large-sized prospective study that evaluates not only the prognosis but also the radiation exposure from the use of CT and the cost of medical care is necessary to propose an optimal surveillance schedule.

This study has several limitations. First, due to its retrospective nature, prospective studies are needed to verify whether surgical resection for metastases really improves prognosis. Second, the number of patients treated non-operatively in the long DT group was small, restricting the ability to demonstrate that the effect of surgical resection of lung metastasis was better in the long than in the short DT group. Third, definitive cut-off values for DT remain unclear. Although we determined the cut-off values according to previous studies to compare our data with them, further validation is needed to establish the best cut-off values.

Figure 1.
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
Figure 1.

Overall survival curves after metachronous a) liver, b) lung, and c) peritoneal metastases of CRC according to DT. CRC: Colorectal cancer; DT: doubling time.

Figure 2.
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
Figure 2.

Overall survival curves after metachronous a) liver, b) lung, and c) peritoneal metastases of CRC according to DT and surgical resection. CRC: Colorectal cancer; DT: doubling time.

In conclusion, short DT was shown to be an independent risk factor for poor OS in patients with metachronous liver and peritoneal metastases of CRC. Surgical resection is recommended for resectable metastatic lesions to improve the prognosis of patients with metachronous metastases regardless of the length of DT. Especially, patients with long DT were shown to be better candidates for surgical resection of liver and peritoneal metastases than those with short DT. However, the decision on intensive surgical resection for peritoneal metastasis with short DT should be carefully considered.

Acknowledgements

The Authors thank Editage (https://www.editage.jp/) for the English language review.

Footnotes

  • Authors' Contributions

    Hiroaki Miyake acquired the data, established the study design and concept, analyzed the data, and drafted the article. Koji Murono interpreted the data and revised the article. Kazushige Kawai acquired the data and revised the article. Soichiro Ishihara, Hiroaki Nozawa, Harufumi Maki, Kiyoshi Hasegawa, and Jun Nakajima revised the article. All Authors have approved the final version of the manuscript.

  • This article is freely accessible online.

  • Funding

    The study was partly supported from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (grant number: JP19cm0106502) and from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (grant numbers: 19K09115, 19K09114, 18K07194, 17K10623, 17K10621, and 17K10620).

  • Conflicts of Interest

    There are no conflicts of interest to declare regarding this study.

  • Received September 8, 2020.
  • Revision received September 19, 2020.
  • Accepted September 20, 2020.
  • Copyright© 2020, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved

References

  1. ↵
    1. Abdalla EK,
    2. Vauthey JN,
    3. Ellis LM,
    4. Ellis V,
    5. Pollock R,
    6. Broglio KR,
    7. Hess K,
    8. Curley SA
    : Recurrence and outcomes following hepatic resection, radiofrequency ablation, and combined resection/ablation for colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg 239(6): 818-827, 2004. PMID: 15166961. DOI: 10.1097/01.sla. 0000128305.90650.71
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  2. ↵
    1. Luo D,
    2. Liu Q,
    3. Yu W,
    4. Ma Y,
    5. Zhu J,
    6. Lian P,
    7. Cai S,
    8. Li Q,
    9. Li X
    : Prognostic value of distant metastasis sites and surgery in stage iv colorectal cancer: A population-based study. Int J Colorectal Dis 33(9): 1241-1249, 2018. PMID: 29931408. DOI: 10.1007/s00384-018-3091-x
    OpenUrl
  3. ↵
    1. Ike H,
    2. Shimada H,
    3. Ohki S,
    4. Togo S,
    5. Yamaguchi S,
    6. Ichikawa Y
    : Results of aggressive resection of lung metastases from colorectal carcinoma detected by intensive follow-up. Dis Colon Rectum 45(4): 468-475, 2002. PMID: 12006927. DOI: 10.1007/s10350-004-6222-0
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  4. ↵
    1. Shida D,
    2. Yoshida T,
    3. Tanabe T,
    4. Tsukamoto S,
    5. Ochiai H,
    6. Kanemitsu Y
    : Prognostic impact of R0 resection and targeted therapy for colorectal cancer with synchronous peritoneal metastasis. Ann Surg Oncol 25(6): 1646-1653, 2018. PMID: 29572704. DOI: 10.1245/s10434-018-6436-3
    OpenUrl
    1. Shida D,
    2. Tsukamoto S,
    3. Ochiai H,
    4. Kanemitsu Y
    : Long-term outcomes after R0 resection of synchronous peritoneal metastasis from colorectal cancer without cytoreductive surgery or hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Ann Surg Oncol 25(1): 173-178, 2018. PMID: 29063295. DOI: 10.1245/s10434-017-6133-7
    OpenUrl
    1. Nagata H,
    2. Ishihara S,
    3. Hata K,
    4. Murono K,
    5. Kaneko M,
    6. Yasuda K,
    7. Otani K,
    8. Nishikawa T,
    9. Tanaka T,
    10. Kiyomatsu T,
    11. Kawai K,
    12. Nozawa H,
    13. Watanabe T
    : Survival and prognostic factors for metachronous peritoneal metastasis in patients with colon cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 24(5): 1269-1280, 2017. PMID: 27995451. DOI: 10.1245/s10434-016-5732-z
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. Abdel-Rahman O
    : A real-world, population-based study of the outcomes of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer to the peritoneum treated with or without cytoreductive surgery. Int J Colorectal Dis 35(4): 719-725, 2020. PMID: 32060606. DOI: 10.1007/s00384-020-03525-x
    OpenUrl
  5. ↵
    1. Imaizumi K,
    2. Nishizawa Y,
    3. Ikeda K,
    4. Tsukada Y,
    5. Sasaki T,
    6. Ito M
    : Prognostic impact of curative resection for peritoneal recurrence of colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 27(7): 2487-2497, 2020. PMID: 32052301. DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-08242-x
    OpenUrl
  6. ↵
    1. Collins VP,
    2. Loeffler RK,
    3. Tivey H
    : Observations on growth rates of human tumors. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 76(5): 988-1000, 1956. PMID: 13362715.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  7. ↵
    1. Collins VP
    : Time of occurrence of pulmonary metastasis from carcinoma of colon and rectum. Cancer 15: 387-395, 1962. PMID: 13880612. DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(196203/04)15: 2<387::aid-cncr2820150222>3.0.co;2-5
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  8. ↵
    1. Tanaka K,
    2. Shimada H,
    3. Fujii Y,
    4. Endo I,
    5. Sekido H,
    6. Togo S,
    7. Ike H
    : Pre-hepatectomy prognostic staging to determine treatment strategy for colorectal cancer metastases to the liver. Langenbecks Arch Surg 389(5): 371-379, 2004. PMID: 15605168. DOI: 10.1007/s00423-004-0490-y
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Tanaka K,
    2. Shimada H,
    3. Ueda M,
    4. Matsuo K,
    5. Endo I,
    6. Togo S
    : Long-term characteristics of 5-year survivors after liver resection for colorectal metastases. Ann Surg Oncol 14(4): 1336-1346, 2007. PMID: 17235718. DOI: 10.1245/s10434-006-9071-3
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Nomura K,
    2. Miyagawa S,
    3. Harada H,
    4. Kitamura H,
    5. Seki H,
    6. Shimada R,
    7. Kobayashi A,
    8. Noike T,
    9. Kawasaki S
    : Relationship between doubling time of liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma and residual primary cancer. Dig Surg 15(1): 21-24, 1998. PMID: 9845558. DOI: 10.1159/000018581
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  9. ↵
    1. Kito A,
    2. Tanaka K,
    3. Fujimaki H,
    4. Nakazawa M,
    5. Togo S,
    6. Minami M,
    7. Shimada H
    : Tumor doubling time and local immune response to hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol 96(6): 525-533, 2007. PMID: 17654526. DOI: 10.1002/jso.20806
    OpenUrlPubMed
  10. ↵
    1. Kawaguchi K,
    2. Uehara K,
    3. Nakayama G,
    4. Fukui T,
    5. Fukumoto K,
    6. Nakamura S,
    7. Yokoi K
    : Growth rate of chemotherapy-naive lung metastasis from colorectal cancer could be a predictor of early relapse after lung resection. Int J Clin Oncol 21(2): 329-334, 2016. PMID: 26280748. DOI: 10.1007/s10147-015-0889-1
    OpenUrl
  11. ↵
    1. Tomimaru Y,
    2. Noura S,
    3. Ohue M,
    4. Okami J,
    5. Oda K,
    6. Higashiyama M,
    7. Yamada T,
    8. Miyashiro I,
    9. Ohigashi H,
    10. Yano M,
    11. Kodama K,
    12. Ishikawa O,
    13. Murata K,
    14. Yokouchi H,
    15. Sasaki Y,
    16. Kameyama M,
    17. Imaoka S
    : Metastatic tumor doubling time is an independent predictor of intrapulmonary recurrence after pulmonary resection of solitary pulmonary metastasis from colorectal cancer. Dig Surg 25(3): 220-225, 2008. PMID: 18577868. DOI: 10.1159/000140693
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  12. ↵
    1. Miyake H,
    2. Murono K,
    3. Nagata H,
    4. Nozawa H,
    5. Kawai K,
    6. Hata K,
    7. Tanaka T,
    8. Nishikawa T,
    9. Shuno Y,
    10. Sasaki K,
    11. Ishihara S
    : Prognostic significance of doubling time in patients undergoing radical surgery for metachronous peritoneal metastases of colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 34(5): 801-809, 2019. PMID: 30739186. DOI: 10.1007/s00384-019-03259-5
    OpenUrl
  13. ↵
    1. Watanabe T,
    2. Muro K,
    3. Ajioka Y,
    4. Hashiguchi Y,
    5. Ito Y,
    6. Saito Y,
    7. Hamaguchi T,
    8. Ishida H,
    9. Ishiguro M,
    10. Ishihara S,
    11. Kanemitsu Y,
    12. Kawano H,
    13. Kinugasa Y,
    14. Kokudo N,
    15. Murofushi K,
    16. Nakajima T,
    17. Oka S,
    18. Sakai Y,
    19. Tsuji A,
    20. Uehara K,
    21. Ueno H,
    22. Yamazaki K,
    23. Yoshida M,
    24. Yoshino T,
    25. Boku N,
    26. Fujimori T,
    27. Itabashi M,
    28. Koinuma N,
    29. Morita T,
    30. Nishimura G,
    31. Sakata Y,
    32. Shimada Y,
    33. Takahashi K,
    34. Tanaka S,
    35. Tsuruta O,
    36. Yamaguchi T,
    37. Yamaguchi N,
    38. Tanaka T,
    39. Kotake K,
    40. Sugihara K,
    41. Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum
    : Japanese society for cancer of the colon and rectum (JSCCR) guidelines 2016 for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 23(1): 1-34, 2018. PMID: 28349281. DOI: 10.1007/s10147-017-1101-6
    OpenUrlPubMed
  14. ↵
    1. Schwartz M
    : A biomathematical approach to clinical tumor growth. Cancer 14: 1272-1294, 1961. PMID: 13909709. DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(196111/12)14:6<1272::aid-cncr 2820140618>3.0.co;2-h
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  15. ↵
    1. Tanaka K,
    2. Shimada H,
    3. Miura M,
    4. Fujii Y,
    5. Yamaguchi S,
    6. Endo I,
    7. Sekido H,
    8. Togo S,
    9. Ike H
    : Metastatic tumor doubling time: most important prehepatectomy predictor of survival and nonrecurrence of hepatic colorectal cancer metastasis. World J Surg 28(3): 263-270, 2004. PMID: 14961200. DOI: 10.1007/s00268-003-7088-3
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  16. ↵
    1. Pita-Fernandez S,
    2. Alhayek-Ai M,
    3. Gonzalez-Martin C,
    4. Lopez-Calvino B,
    5. Seoane-Pillado T,
    6. Pertega-Diaz S
    : Intensive follow-up strategies improve outcomes in nonmetastatic colorectal cancer patients after curative surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Oncol 26(4): 644-656, 2015. PMID: 25411419. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu543
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Zhao Y,
    2. Yi C,
    3. Zhang Y,
    4. Fang F,
    5. Faramand A
    : Intensive follow-up strategies after radical surgery for nonmetastatic colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 14(7): e0220533, 2019. PMID: 31361784. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220533
    OpenUrl
    1. Tjandra JJ,
    2. Chan MK
    : Follow-up after curative resection of colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis. Dis Colon Rectum 50(11): 1783-1799, 2007. PMID: 17874269. DOI: 10.1007/s10350-007-9030-5
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  17. ↵
    1. Renehan AG,
    2. Egger M,
    3. Saunders MP,
    4. O'Dwyer ST
    : Impact on survival of intensive follow up after curative resection for colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 324(7341): 813, 2002. PMID:11934773. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.324.7341.813
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  18. ↵
    1. Wille-Jorgensen P,
    2. Syk I,
    3. Smedh K,
    4. Laurberg S,
    5. Nielsen DT,
    6. Petersen SH,
    7. Renehan AG,
    8. Horvath-Puho E,
    9. Pahlman L,
    10. Sorensen HT,
    11. Group CS
    : Effect of more vs. less frequent follow-up testing on overall and colorectal cancer-specific mortality in patients with stage II or III colorectal cancer: the COLOFOL randomized clinical trial. JAMA 319(20): 2095-2103, 2018. PMID: 29800179. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.5623
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. Snyder RA,
    2. Hu CY,
    3. Cuddy A,
    4. Francescatti AB,
    5. Schumacher JR,
    6. Van Loon K,
    7. You YN,
    8. Kozower BD,
    9. Greenberg CC,
    10. Schrag D,
    11. Venook A,
    12. McKellar D,
    13. Winchester DP,
    14. Chang GJ,
    15. Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology Network Cancer Surveillance Optimization Working G
    : Association between intensity of posttreatment surveillance testing and detection of recurrence in patients with colorectal cancer. JAMA 319(20): 2104-2115, 2018. PMID: 29800181. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.5816
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. Primrose JN,
    2. Perera R,
    3. Gray A,
    4. Rose P,
    5. Fuller A,
    6. Corkhill A,
    7. George S,
    8. Mant D,
    9. Investigators FT
    : Effect of 3 to 5 years of scheduled cea and CT follow-up to detect recurrence of colorectal cancer: the FACS randomized clinical trial. JAMA 311(3): 263-270, 2014. PMID: 24430319. DOI: 10.1001/jama. 2013.285718
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Mant D,
    2. Gray A,
    3. Pugh S,
    4. Campbell H,
    5. George S,
    6. Fuller A,
    7. Shinkins B,
    8. Corkhill A,
    9. Mellor J,
    10. Dixon E,
    11. Little L,
    12. Perera-Salazar R,
    13. Primrose J
    : A randomised controlled trial to assess the cost-effectiveness of intensive versus no scheduled follow-up in patients who have undergone resection for colorectal cancer with curative intent. Health Technol Assess 21(32): 1-86, 2017. PMID: 28641703. DOI: 10.3310/hta21320
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  19. ↵
    1. Rosati G,
    2. Ambrosini G,
    3. Barni S,
    4. Andreoni B,
    5. Corradini G,
    6. Luchena G,
    7. Daniele B,
    8. Gaion F,
    9. Oliverio G,
    10. Duro M,
    11. Martignoni G,
    12. Pinna N,
    13. Sozzi P,
    14. Pancera G,
    15. Solina G,
    16. Pavia G,
    17. Pignata S,
    18. Johnson F,
    19. Labianca R,
    20. Apolone G,
    21. Zaniboni A,
    22. Monteforte M,
    23. Negri E,
    24. Torri V,
    25. Mosconi P,
    26. Fossati R,
    27. group Gw
    : A randomized trial of intensive versus minimal surveillance of patients with resected Dukes B2-C colorectal carcinoma. Ann Oncol 27(2): 274-280, 2016. PMID: 26578734. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv541
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  20. ↵
    1. National Comprehensive Cancer Network
    : NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology-colon cancer, version 2. 2019. Available at: https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/colon.pdf [Last accessed Dec 15, 2019]
    1. Steele SR,
    2. Chang GJ,
    3. Hendren S,
    4. Weiser M,
    5. Irani J,
    6. Buie WD,
    7. Rafferty JF,
    8. Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons
    : Practice guideline for the surveillance of patients after curative treatment of colon and rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 58(8): 713-725, 2015. PMID: 26163950. DOI: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000000410
    OpenUrlPubMed
  21. ↵
    1. Labianca R,
    2. Nordlinger B,
    3. Beretta GD,
    4. Mosconi S,
    5. Mandala M,
    6. Cervantes A,
    7. Arnold D,
    8. ESMO Guidelines Working Group
    : Early colon cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 24(6): vi64-72, 2013. PMID: 24078664. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt354
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

In Vivo: 34 (6)
In Vivo
Vol. 34, Issue 6
November-December 2020
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
  • Index by author
  • Back Matter (PDF)
  • Ed Board (PDF)
  • Front Matter (PDF)
Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on In Vivo.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Impact of Surgical Resection on Metachronous Metastases of Colorectal Cancer According to Tumor Doubling Time
(Your Name) has sent you a message from In Vivo
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the In Vivo web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
1 + 1 =
Solve this simple math problem and enter the result. E.g. for 1+3, enter 4.
Citation Tools
Impact of Surgical Resection on Metachronous Metastases of Colorectal Cancer According to Tumor Doubling Time
HIROAKI MIYAKE, KOJI MURONO, KAZUSHIGE KAWAI, HIROAKI NOZAWA, HARUFUMI MAKI, KIYOSHI HASEGAWA, JUN NAKAJIMA, SOICHIRO ISHIHARA
In Vivo Nov 2020, 34 (6) 3367-3374; DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12175

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Reprints and Permissions
Share
Impact of Surgical Resection on Metachronous Metastases of Colorectal Cancer According to Tumor Doubling Time
HIROAKI MIYAKE, KOJI MURONO, KAZUSHIGE KAWAI, HIROAKI NOZAWA, HARUFUMI MAKI, KIYOSHI HASEGAWA, JUN NAKAJIMA, SOICHIRO ISHIHARA
In Vivo Nov 2020, 34 (6) 3367-3374; DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12175
del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Patients and Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Acknowledgements
    • Footnotes
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Evaluation of TET Family Gene Expression and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine as Potential Epigenetic Markers in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
  • Automated Non-coplanar Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy Planning for Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma
  • The Influence of the Rapid Increase in the Number of Adverse Event Reports for COVID-19 Vaccine on the Disproportionality Analysis Using JADER
Show more Clinical Studies

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • colorectal carcinoma
  • doubling time
  • prognosis
  • recurrence
  • tumor growth rate
In Vivo

© 2023 In Vivo

Powered by HighWire