Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Current Issue
  • Archive
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Editorial Policies
    • Advertisers
    • Editorial Board
  • Other Publications
    • Anticancer Research
    • Cancer Genomics & Proteomics
    • Cancer Diagnosis & Prognosis
  • More
    • IIAR
    • Conferences
  • About Us
    • General Policy
    • Contact
  • Other Publications
    • In Vivo
    • Anticancer Research
    • Cancer Genomics & Proteomics

User menu

  • Register
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
In Vivo
  • Other Publications
    • In Vivo
    • Anticancer Research
    • Cancer Genomics & Proteomics
  • Register
  • Subscribe
  • My alerts
  • Log in
  • My Cart
In Vivo

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Current Issue
  • Archive
  • Info for
    • Authors
    • Editorial Policies
    • Advertisers
    • Editorial Board
  • Other Publications
    • Anticancer Research
    • Cancer Genomics & Proteomics
    • Cancer Diagnosis & Prognosis
  • More
    • IIAR
    • Conferences
  • About Us
    • General Policy
    • Contact
  • Visit iiar on Facebook
  • Follow us on Linkedin
Research ArticleExperimental Studies

Response of Triple-negative Breast Cancer Liver Metastasis to Oral Recombinant Methioninase in a Patient-derived Orthotopic Xenograft (PDOX) Model

HYE IN LIM, JUN YAMAMOTO, QINHONG HAN, YU SUN, HIROTO NISHINO, YOSHIHIKO TASHIRO, NORIHIKO SUGISAWA, YUYING TAN, HEE JUN CHOI, SEOK JIN NAM, MICHAEL BOUVET and ROBERT M. HOFFMAN
In Vivo November 2020, 34 (6) 3163-3169; DOI: https://doi.org/10.21873/invivo.12151
HYE IN LIM
1AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.
2Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.
3Department of Surgery, Chinjujeil Hospital, Jinju, Republic of Korea
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: all@anticancer.com vastprogress@naver.com
JUN YAMAMOTO
1AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.
2Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
QINHONG HAN
1AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
YU SUN
1AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.
2Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
HIROTO NISHINO
1AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.
2Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
YOSHIHIKO TASHIRO
1AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.
2Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
NORIHIKO SUGISAWA
1AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.
2Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
YUYING TAN
1AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
HEE JUN CHOI
4Department of Surgery, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Republic of Korea
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
SEOK JIN NAM
5Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
MICHAEL BOUVET
2Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
ROBERT M. HOFFMAN
1AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.
2Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: all@anticancer.com vastprogress@naver.com
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

Abstract

Background/Aim: The aim of this study was to establish a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) mouse model of liver metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and examine the efficacy of oral recombinant methioninase (o-rMETase) on the liver metastasis. Materials and Methods: TNBC from a patient was implanted in the left hepatic lobe of nude mice to simulate liver metastasis in a PDOX model. Ten days later, all mice underwent laparotomy to measure tumor size and were randomized to three groups: control; o-rMETase 100 U once daily (qd); and o-rMETase 200 U qd. After 9 days of treatment, all mice were sacrificed. Results: At the end of the treatment period for the liver metastasis, the size of liver metastases was 372.6 mm3 in the control group; 160.0 mm3 in the o-rMETase 100 U group; and 245.3 mm3 in the o-rMETase 200 U group. All mice had ascites and 12 out of 14 mice in all groups had mesenteric lymph-node metastasis, as re-metastasis. The mean body-condition score was 1.5 in the control group; 2.4 in the o-rMETase 100 U group; and 2.6 in the o-rMETase 200 U group (control group vs. o-rMETase 200 U group, p<0.05). Conclusion: The TNBC liver metastasis was highly aggressive resulting in re-metastasis and ascites. o-rMETase tended to inhibit the liver metastasis and significantly improved the mouse body-condition score. This new PDOX model of TNBC liver metastasis will be useful for identifying effective agents for this recalcitrant disease.

  • PDOX
  • patient-derived orthotopic xenograft
  • TNBC
  • triple-negative breast cancer
  • liver metastasis
  • re-metastasis
  • lymph node
  • ascites
  • oral recombinant methioninase
  • treatment

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for about 15~20% of breast cancers. TNBC grows and spreads faster and has higher risk of early relapse with visceral metastasis compared to other subtypes of breast cancer. The 5-year relative survival rate of TNBC with distant metastasis is only 11% and there is rapid progression from distant recurrence to death (1). Because TNBC with distant metastasis has a higher frequency of progression, efforts to identify effective treatments for metastatic TNBC are necessary.

Cancer cells are methionine addicted due to enhanced overall rates of transmethylation and therefore depend on high levels of methionine compared to normal cells (2-5). The high methionine/methylation flux of cancer cells is known as the Hoffman effect (6), analogous to the Warburg effect of glucose overuse by cancer cells. Our laboratory discovered methionine-addiction of cancer (2-5). We have studied this phenomenon for almost 50 years and have concluded that methionine-addiction is the most fundamental and general hallmark of cancer (3-5). Methionine-addiction is tightly linked to global epigenetic changes in cancer controlled by methylation events (7) and is a promising target of cancer treatment.

Figure 1.
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
Figure 1.

Efficacy of o-rMETase on TNBC liver metastasis. SHI: surgical hepatic implantation, o-rMETase: oral recombinant methioninase, TNBC: triple negative breast cancer. Error bars show standard error of the mean (SEM).

Methionine restriction selectively traps cancer cells in the S/G2-phase of the cell cycle (8), where they are susceptible to most cytotoxic chemotherapy and can be successfully eradicated (2, 9). Recombinant methioninase, administered orally (o-rMETase), has shown efficacy in many solid tumors, for example, sarcoma (10-11), pancreatic cancer (12), colon cancer (13, 14), and malignant melanoma (15, 16) in patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) mouse models, by restricting methionine.

We previously established liver-metastasis models of patient-derived colon cancer in nude mice (17-19). Lymph-node metastasis was found at the site of drainage of the liver: celiac, portal and mediastinal lymph nodes which originated from the liver metastasis, and not, as previously thought, from primary colon cancer. We suggested the concept of re-metastasis which means “metastasis of metastases” (18).

We previously established a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model of highly-aggressive TNBC transplanted to the mammary fat pad of nude mice (20). In the present study, we established an aggressive TNBC liver-metastasis model by surgical hepatic implantation (SHI) in nude mice and evaluated the efficacy of o-rMETase.

Materials and Methods

Mice. Athymic nu/nu nude, 4-6 weeks old female mice (AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA), were used in this study. All animal studies were carried out with an AntiCancer Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)-protocol approved for this study and according to the procedures and principles in the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Animals under Assurance Number A3873–1. Housing, diet, anesthesia of animals have been described in detail in a previous study (20).

Figure 2.
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
Figure 2.

Comparison of relative tumor volume of SHI tumor with and without o-rMETase treatment. SHI: surgical hepatic implantation, o-rMETase: oral recombinant methioninase. Relative tumor volume (values in parentheses) is the ratio of the tumor volume at the endpoint compared to the initial tumor volume.

o-rMETase production and formulation. The L-methionine-γ-deamino-α-mercaptomethane-lyase gene from Pseudomonas putida has been cloned in E. coli. o-rMETase is produced in three steps from the recombinant E. coli, including fermentation, purification and formulation. The fermentation procedure of the host E. coli cells, the purification protocol and formulation of rMETase have been previously described (21).

Patient-derived TNBC and establishment of PDOX. A 74-year-old female patient was diagnosed with TNBC in the right breast. She underwent breast-conserving surgery with sentinel lymph-node biopsy in at the Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center (SMC), Seoul, Korea. The tumor (2.4 cm) was an invasive ductal carcinoma with histological grade 3 and an 80% Ki-67 value. Regional and distant metastasis were not detected.

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient, and the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of SMC approved this experiment. We established the TNBC in nude mice as previously described (20). In the present study, when subcutaneously-grown tumors reached 10 mm in diameter, they were harvested and cut into approximately 1 mm3 size fragments. For surgical hepatic implantation (SHI), the abdomen was sterilized with 70% alcohol and a left para-median incision was made under anesthesia. After the left lobe of the liver was exteriorized, a shallow 2 mm-length incision was made with an Iris surgical scissors on the serosa of the left-lateral lobe. The tumor fragment was inserted into this incision and followed by bleeding control with compression. The abdominal wall was closed with a 6-0 nylon suture.

Treatment dose and schedule. Ten days after SHI, mice underwent laparotomy to observe the tumor size on the liver. The mice were randomized into three groups of equivalent average tumor size: G1, untreated control [n=4, PBS 0.1 ml, per os (p.o.), twice a day, 9 consecutive days]; G2, 100 U o-rMETase treatment (n=5, 50 units, p.o., twice a day, 9 consecutive days); and G3, 200 U o-rMETase treatment (n=5, 100 units, p.o., twice a day, 9 consecutive days). Treatment was started two days after laparotomy. All mice were humanely sacrificed on the following day of the last treatment. Mouse body weight was measured every day or two and tumor volume was measured on the day of laparotomy and on the day of sacrifice. Tumor volume was calculated using the following formula: Tumor volume (mm3)=length (mm) × width (mm) × width (mm) ×1/2 (22). Mouse condition was determined using body-condition scoring (BCS) (23), and behavior and appearance scoring (24).

Figure 3.
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
Figure 3.

Mouse with ascites in control group.

Results

We implanted tumors to the liver of 22 mice using SHI. On the day of laparotomy before treatment, 14 mice had liver tumors and the mean tumor volume was 38.1 mm3 in the untreated control group; 30.3 mm3 in the o-rMETase 100 U treatment group; and 44.9 mm3 in the o-rMETase 200 U treatment group. After 9 days of treatment, the mean tumor volume of the liver was 372.6 mm3 in the control group; 160.0 mm3 in the o-rMETase 100 U treatment group; and 245.3 mm3 in the o-rMETase 200 U treatment group (Figure 1). The tumor volume ratio at the end of the treatment period relative to beginning was 9.8 in the control group; 5.3 in the o-rMETase 100 U group; and 5.5 in the o-rMETase 200 U group (Figure 2).

All mice had ascites (Figure 3) and 12 out of 14 mice had mesenteric metastatic lymph-node metastasis (Figure 4), except one each in the control and o-rMETase 100 U group.

The mean behavioral and appearance scores were 5.5 in the control group; 9.6 in the o-rMETase 100 U group; and 10 in the o-rMETase 200 U group (Figure 5A). The mean BCS was 1.5 in the control group; 2.4 in the o-rMETase 100 U group; and 2.6 in the o-rMETase 200 U group at the end point (control group vs. o-rMETase 200 U treatment group, p<0.05) (Figure 5B).

Figure 4.
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
Figure 4.

Tumor and lymph-node re-metastasis in TNBC SHI model on the day following the last treatment. Red circle is SHI tumor and red arrows are lymph-node re-metastasis. TNBC: Triple-negative breast cancer, SHI: surgical hepatic implantation.

There was no significant difference in body weight between groups, but o-rMETase 200 U may have prevented cachexia. (Figure 6).

Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed cancer cells in both the lymph-node and liver metastasis (Figure 7).

Discussion

Mouse models of breast-cancer metastasis to the liver use human breast-cancer cell lines. Since liver metastasis rarely occurs in subcutaneous or orthotopic xenograft models of breast cancer, intracardiac or intrasplenic injection is used, but these models are not specific and can cause concurrent metastases in other organs (25). We previously established liver-metastasis models of patient-derived colon cancer in nude mice using SHI (17-19) and discovered the phenomenon of re-metastasis (18). In the present study, we established a liver-metastasis model of patient-derived TNBC by SHI, simulating liver metastasis. In this SHI model, we found mesenteric lymph-node metastasis following liver metastasis growth, as a result of re-metastasis. Re-metastasis should be considered clinically when we treat metastatic disease.

Figure 5.
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
Figure 5.

Comparison of body scoring of control and o-rMETase-treated mice. (A) Behavioral and appearance score at the end point. This score is quantified appearance, natural behavior, provoked behavior and ranged from 1 to 13 (23). (B) BCS at the end point. BCS is quantified by the amount of flesh covering body protuberances and raged from 1 to 5 (24). Error bars show standard error of the mean (SEM). o-rMETase: Oral recombinant methioninase, BCS: body condition score, *p<0.05.

TNBC has an increased likelihood of distant recurrence compared to other types of breast cancer and the risk of distant recurrence peaks between 1 to 3 years after surgery. The time from recurrence to death is 9 months, significantly shorter than other types of breast cancer (1). Because TNBC has no targetable marker, such as hormonal receptors or human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2), the treatment options for metastatic disease are limited and novel treatment is necessary.

Compared to normal cells, cancer cells require high levels of methionine to proliferate due to methioninase addiction (2-5). Methionine addiction is cancer-specific metabolism and distinguishes cancer cells from normal cells. Targeting cancer-specific altered methionine metabolism has potential as a clinical cancer treatment (9) and can be a new effective treatment modality of TNBC. Methionine-restriction has been studied in a TNBC mouse model by Jeon et al. (26) who reported that a low-methionine diet inhibited TNBC metastasis in mice. Strekalova et al. (27) reported that dietary methionine deprivation enhanced the anti-tumor efficacy of a humanized agonistic TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor-2 (TRAIL-R2) monoclonal antibody by increasing TRAIL-R2 expression in a model of TNBC.

Figure 6.
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
Figure 6.

Comparison of body weight over time during treatment. Error bars show the standard error of the mean (SEM).

In the present study, o-rMETase trended to inhibit the growth of the SHI tumors and resulted in better mouse condition. These results suggest that o-rMETase has potential as a new effective modality for metastatic TNBC, especially since it can be administered orally without toxicity (28, 29).

Our future studies will involve administration o-rMETase in combination with conventional and experimental chemotherapy for TNBC metastases using PDOX mouse models (10-16, 29). o-rMETase has already shown promise in the clinic (28) and will soon be tested on TNBC patients, especially with liver metastasis. o-rMETase has previously shown efficacy to inhibit post-surgical recurrence of TNBC in a PDOX nude-mouse model (30). This new PDOX model of TNBC liver metastasis has potential to identify curative therapeutics for this recalcitrant disease, especially using o-rMETase instead of injectable rMETase which can cause immunological reactions (31), unlike o-rMETase (28), and will therefore, be suitable clinically in the near future for TNBC.

Figure 7.
  • Download figure
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
Figure 7.

Histology of PDOX TNBC. (A) H&E staining of mesenteric lymph-node re-metastasis. (B) H&E staining of SHI tumor. Upper row: ×100, middle row: ×200, lower row: ×400. PDOX: Patient-derived orthotopic xenograft; TNBC: triple-negative breast cancer; H&E: hematoxylin and eosin.

Acknowledgements

This paper is dedicated to the memory of AR Moossa MD, Sun Lee, MD, Professor Li Jia Xi and Masaki Kitajima, MD.

Footnotes

  • Authors' Contributions

    HIL and RMH conceived the project. HJC, SJN and MB provided scientific advice for the project. HIL, JY, YS, HN, YT, and NS contributed to mouse-model establishment and obtained experimental data. QH and YT provided methioninase. HIL and RMH wrote and revised the manuscript.

  • This article is freely accessible online.

  • Conflicts of Interest

    None to be declared.

  • Received July 8, 2020.
  • Revision received September 11, 2020.
  • Accepted September 14, 2020.
  • Copyright© 2020, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved

References

  1. ↵
    1. Dent R,
    2. Trudeau M,
    3. Pritchard KI,
    4. Hanna WM,
    5. Kahn HK,
    6. Sawka CA,
    7. Lickley LA,
    8. Rawlinson E,
    9. Sun P,
    10. Narod SA
    : Triple-negative breast cancer: Clinical features and patterns of recurrence. Clin Cancer Res 13(15): 4429-4434, 2007. PMID: 17671126. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-06-3045
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  2. ↵
    1. Hoffman RM
    : Development of recombinant methioninase to target the general cancer-specific metabolic defect of methionine dependence: A 40-year odyssey. Expert Opin Biol Ther 15(1): 21-31, 2015. PMID: 25439528. DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.963050
    OpenUrl
  3. ↵
    1. Hoffman RM,
    2. Erbe RW
    : High in vivo rates of methionine biosynthesis in transformed human and malignant rat cells auxotrophic for methionine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 73(5): 1523-1527, 1976. PMID: 179090. DOI: 10.1073/pnas. 73.5.1523
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Stern PH,
    2. Hoffman RM
    : Elevated overall rates of transmethylation in cell lines from diverse human tumors. In Vitro 20(8): 663-670, 1984. PMID: 6500606. DOI: 10.1007/bf02619617
    OpenUrlPubMed
  4. ↵
    1. Coalson DW,
    2. Mecham JO,
    3. Stern PH,
    4. Hoffman RM
    : Reduced availability of endogenously synthesized methionine for S-adenosylmethionine formation in methionine-dependent cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79(14): 4248-4251, 1982. PMID: 6289297. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.14.4248
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  5. ↵
    1. Kaiser P
    : Methionine dependence of cancer. Biomolecules 10(4), 2020. PMID: 32276408. DOI: 10.3390/biom10040568
  6. ↵
    1. Hoffman RM,
    2. Jacobsen SJ,
    3. Erbe RW
    : Reversion to methionine independence in simian virus 40-transformed human and malignant rat fibroblasts is associated with altered ploidy and altered properties of transformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76(3): 1313-1317, 1979. PMID: 220612. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.76.3.1313
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  7. ↵
    1. Hoffman RM,
    2. Jacobsen SJ
    : Reversible growth arrest in simian virus 40-transformed human fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77(12): 7306-7310, 1980. PMID: 6261250. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.12.7306
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  8. ↵
    1. Stern PH,
    2. Hoffman RM
    : Enhanced in vitro selective toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents for human cancer cells based on a metabolic defect. J Natl Cancer Inst 76(4): 629-639, 1986. PMID: 3457200. DOI: 10.1093/jnci/76.4.629
    OpenUrlPubMed
  9. ↵
    1. Higuchi T,
    2. Kawaguchi K,
    3. Miyake K,
    4. Han Q,
    5. Tan Y,
    6. Oshiro H,
    7. Sugisawa N,
    8. Zhang Z,
    9. Razmjooei S,
    10. Yamamoto N,
    11. Hayashi K,
    12. Kimura H,
    13. Miwa S,
    14. Igarashi K,
    15. Chawla SP,
    16. Singh AS,
    17. Eilber FC,
    18. Singh SR,
    19. Tsuchiya H,
    20. Hoffman RM
    : Oral recombinant methioninase combined with caffeine and doxorubicin induced regression of a doxorubicin-resistant synovial sarcoma in a PDOX mouse model. Anticancer Res 38(10): 5639-5644, 2018. PMID: 30275182. DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.12899
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  10. ↵
    1. Higuchi T,
    2. Oshiro H,
    3. Miyake K,
    4. Sugisawa N,
    5. Han Q,
    6. Tan Y,
    7. Park J,
    8. Zhang Z,
    9. Razmjooei S,
    10. Yamamoto N,
    11. Hayashi K,
    12. Kimura H,
    13. Miwa S,
    14. Igarashi K,
    15. Bouvet M,
    16. Chawla SP,
    17. Singh SR,
    18. Tsuchiya H,
    19. Hoffman RM
    : Oral recombinant methioninase, combined with oral caffeine and injected cisplatinum, overcome cisplatinum-resistance and regresses patient-derived orthotopic xenograft model of osteosarcoma. Anticancer Res 39(9): 4653-4657, 2019. PMID: 31519563. DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.13646
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  11. ↵
    1. Kawaguchi K,
    2. Miyake K,
    3. Han Q,
    4. Li S,
    5. Tan Y,
    6. Igarashi K,
    7. Kiyuna T,
    8. Miyake M,
    9. Higuchi T,
    10. Oshiro H,
    11. Zhang Z,
    12. Razmjooei S,
    13. Wangsiricharoen S,
    14. Bouvet M,
    15. Singh SR,
    16. Unno M,
    17. Hoffman RM
    : Oral recombinant methioninase (o-rMETase) is superior to injectable rMETase and overcomes acquired gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 432: 251-259, 2018. PMID: 29928962. DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.06.016
    OpenUrl
  12. ↵
    1. Park JH,
    2. Zhao M,
    3. Han Q,
    4. Sun Y,
    5. Higuchi T,
    6. Sugisawa N,
    7. Yamamoto J,
    8. Singh SR,
    9. Clary B,
    10. Bouvet M,
    11. Hoffman RM
    : Efficacy of oral recombinant methioninase combined with oxaliplatinum and 5-fluorouracil on primary colon cancer in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft mouse model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 518(2): 306-310, 2019. PMID: 31421825. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.051
    OpenUrl
  13. ↵
    1. Oshiro H,
    2. Tome Y,
    3. Kiyuna T,
    4. Yoon SN,
    5. Lwin TM,
    6. Han Q,
    7. Tan Y,
    8. Miyake K,
    9. Higuchi T,
    10. Sugisawa N,
    11. Katsuya Y,
    12. Park JH,
    13. Zang Z,
    14. Razmjooei S,
    15. Bouvet M,
    16. Clary B,
    17. Singh SR,
    18. Kanaya F,
    19. Nishida K,
    20. Hoffman RM
    : Oral recombinant methioninase overcomes colorectal-cancer liver metastasis resistance to the combination of 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatinum in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft mouse model. Anticancer Res 39(9): 4667-4671, 2019. PMID: 31519565. DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.13648
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  14. ↵
    1. Kawaguchi K,
    2. Igarashi K,
    3. Li S,
    4. Han Q,
    5. Tan Y,
    6. Kiyuna T,
    7. Miyake K,
    8. Murakami T,
    9. Chmielowski B,
    10. Nelson SD,
    11. Russell TA,
    12. Dry SM,
    13. Li Y,
    14. Unno M,
    15. Eilber FC,
    16. Hoffman RM
    : Combination treatment with recombinant methioninase enables temozolomide to arrest a BRAF V600E melanoma in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) mouse model. Oncotarget 8(49): 85516-85525, 2017. PMID: 29156737. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20231
    OpenUrl
  15. ↵
    1. Kawaguchi K,
    2. Higuchi T,
    3. Li S,
    4. Han Q,
    5. Tan Y,
    6. Igarashi K,
    7. Zhao M,
    8. Miyake K,
    9. Kiyuna T,
    10. Miyake M,
    11. Ohshiro H,
    12. Sugisawa N,
    13. Zhang Z,
    14. Razmjooei S,
    15. Wangsiricharoen S,
    16. Chmielowski B,
    17. Nelson SD,
    18. Russell TA,
    19. Dry SM,
    20. Li Y,
    21. Eckardt MA,
    22. Singh AS,
    23. Singh SR,
    24. Eilber FC,
    25. Unno M,
    26. Hoffman RM
    : Combination therapy of tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium A1-R and oral recombinant methioninase regresses a BRAF-V600E-negative melanoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 503(4): 3086-3092, 2018. PMID: 30166061. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.097
    OpenUrl
  16. ↵
    1. Rashidi B,
    2. Sun FX,
    3. Jiang P,
    4. An Z,
    5. Gamagami R,
    6. Moossa AR,
    7. Hoffman RM
    : A nude mouse model of massive liver and lymph node metastasis of human colon cancer. Anticancer Res 20(2a): 715-722, 2000. PMID: 10810345.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  17. ↵
    1. Rashidi B,
    2. Gamagami R,
    3. Sasson A,
    4. Sun FX,
    5. Geller J,
    6. Moossa AR,
    7. Hoffman RM
    : An orthotopic mouse model of remetastasis of human colon cancer liver metastasis. Clin Cancer Res 6(6): 2556-2561, 2000. PMID: 10873112.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  18. ↵
    1. Kuo TH,
    2. Kubota T,
    3. Watanabe M,
    4. Furukawa T,
    5. Teramoto T,
    6. Ishibiki K,
    7. Kitajima M,
    8. Moossa AR,
    9. Penman S,
    10. Hoffman RM
    : Liver colonization competence governs colon cancer metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92(26): 12085-12089, 1995. PMID: 8618849. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.26.12085
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  19. ↵
    1. Lim HI,
    2. Yamamoto J,
    3. Inubushi S,
    4. Nishino H,
    5. Tashiro Y,
    6. Sugisawa N,
    7. Han Q,
    8. Sun Y,
    9. Choi HJ,
    10. Nam SJ,
    11. Kim MB,
    12. Lee JS,
    13. Hozumi C,
    14. Bouvet M,
    15. Singh SR,
    16. Hoffman RM
    : A single low dose of eribulin regressed a highly aggressive triple-negative breast cancer in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft model. Anticancer Res 40(5): 5, 2020. PMID: 32366392. DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.14218
    OpenUrl
  20. ↵
    1. Tan Y,
    2. Xu M,
    3. Tan X,
    4. Tan X,
    5. Wang X,
    6. Saikawa Y,
    7. Nagahama T,
    8. Sun X,
    9. Lenz M,
    10. Hoffman RM
    : Overexpression and large-scale production of recombinant L-methionine-alpha-deamino-gamma-mercaptomethane-lyase for novel anticancer therapy. Protein Expr Purif 9(2): 233-245, 1997. PMID: 9056489. DOI: 10.1006/prep.1996.0700
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  21. ↵
    1. Miyake K,
    2. Higuchi T,
    3. Oshiro H,
    4. Zhang Z,
    5. Sugisawa N,
    6. Park JH,
    7. Razmjooei S,
    8. Katsuya Y,
    9. Barangi M,
    10. Li Y,
    11. Nelson SD,
    12. Murakami T,
    13. Homma Y,
    14. Hiroshima Y,
    15. Matsuyama R,
    16. Bouvet M,
    17. Chawla SP,
    18. Singh SR,
    19. Endo I,
    20. Hoffman RM
    : The combination of gemcitabine and docetaxel arrests a doxorubicin-resistant dedifferentiated liposarcoma in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft model. Biomed Pharmacother 117: 109093, 2019. PMID: 31200257. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109093
    OpenUrl
  22. ↵
    1. Ullman-Culleré MH,
    2. Foltz CJ
    : Body condition scoring: A rapid and accurate method for assessing health status in mice. Lab Anim Sci 49(3): 319-323, 1999. PMID: 19619413.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  23. ↵
    1. Paster EV,
    2. Villines KA,
    3. Hickman DL
    : Endpoints for mouse abdominal tumor models: Refinement of current criteria. Comp Med 59(3): 234-241, 2009. PMID: 10403450.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  24. ↵
    1. Goddard ET,
    2. Fischer J,
    3. Schedin P
    : A portal vein injection model to study liver metastasis of breast cancer. J Vis Exp 118, 2016. PMID: 28060292. DOI: 10.3791/54903
  25. ↵
    1. Jeon H,
    2. Kim JH,
    3. Lee E,
    4. Jang YJ,
    5. Son JE,
    6. Kwon JY,
    7. Lim TG,
    8. Kim S,
    9. Park JHY,
    10. Kim JE,
    11. Lee KW
    : Methionine deprivation suppresses triple-negative breast cancer metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 7(41): 67223-67234, 2016. PMID: 27579534. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11615
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  26. ↵
    1. Strekalova E,
    2. Malin D,
    3. Good DM,
    4. Cryns VL
    : Methionine Deprivation Induces a Targetable Vulnerability in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells by Enhancing TRAIL Receptor-2 Expression. Clin Cancer Res 21(12): 2780-2791, 2015. PMID: 25724522. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-2792
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  27. ↵
    1. Han Q,
    2. Tan Y,
    3. Hoffman RM
    : Oral dosing of recombinant methioninase is associated with a 70% drop in PSA in a patient with bone-metastatic prostate cancer and 50% reduction in circulating methionine in a high-stage ovarian cancer patient. Anticancer Res 40(5): 2813-2819, 2020. PMID: 32366428. DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.14254
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  28. ↵
    1. Kawaguchi K,
    2. Han Q,
    3. Li S,
    4. Tan Y,
    5. Igarashi K,
    6. Murakami T,
    7. Unno M,
    8. Hoffman RM
    : Efficacy of recombinant methioninase (rMETase) on recalcitrant cancer patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) mouse models: A review. Cells 8(5), 2019. PMID: 31052611. DOI: 10.3390/cells8050410
  29. ↵
    1. Lim HI,
    2. Hamada K,
    3. Yamamoto J,
    4. Han Q,
    5. Tan Y,
    6. Choi HJ,
    7. Nam SJ,
    8. Bouvet M,
    9. Hoffman RM
    : Oral methioninase inhibits recurrence in a PDOX mouse model of aggressive triple-negative breast cancer. In Vivo 34: 2281-2286, 2020. PMID: 32871751. DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12039
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  30. ↵
    1. Yang Z,
    2. Wang J,
    3. Lu Q,
    4. Xu J,
    5. Kobayashi Y,
    6. Takakura T,
    7. Takimoto A,
    8. Yoshioka T,
    9. Lian C,
    10. Chen C,
    11. Zhang D,
    12. Zhang Y,
    13. Li S,
    14. Sun X,
    15. Tan Y,
    16. Yagi S,
    17. Frenkel EP,
    18. Hoffman RM
    : PEGylation confers greatly extended half-life and attenuated immunogenicity to recombinant methioninase in primates. Cancer Res 64(18): 6673-6678, 2204. PMID: 15374983. DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1822.
    OpenUrl
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

In Vivo
Vol. 34, Issue 6
November-December 2020
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
  • Index by author
  • Back Matter (PDF)
  • Ed Board (PDF)
  • Front Matter (PDF)
Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on In Vivo.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Response of Triple-negative Breast Cancer Liver Metastasis to Oral Recombinant Methioninase in a Patient-derived Orthotopic Xenograft (PDOX) Model
(Your Name) has sent you a message from In Vivo
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the In Vivo web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
7 + 1 =
Solve this simple math problem and enter the result. E.g. for 1+3, enter 4.
Citation Tools
Response of Triple-negative Breast Cancer Liver Metastasis to Oral Recombinant Methioninase in a Patient-derived Orthotopic Xenograft (PDOX) Model
HYE IN LIM, JUN YAMAMOTO, QINHONG HAN, YU SUN, HIROTO NISHINO, YOSHIHIKO TASHIRO, NORIHIKO SUGISAWA, YUYING TAN, HEE JUN CHOI, SEOK JIN NAM, MICHAEL BOUVET, ROBERT M. HOFFMAN
In Vivo Nov 2020, 34 (6) 3163-3169; DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12151

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Reprints and Permissions
Share
Response of Triple-negative Breast Cancer Liver Metastasis to Oral Recombinant Methioninase in a Patient-derived Orthotopic Xenograft (PDOX) Model
HYE IN LIM, JUN YAMAMOTO, QINHONG HAN, YU SUN, HIROTO NISHINO, YOSHIHIKO TASHIRO, NORIHIKO SUGISAWA, YUYING TAN, HEE JUN CHOI, SEOK JIN NAM, MICHAEL BOUVET, ROBERT M. HOFFMAN
In Vivo Nov 2020, 34 (6) 3163-3169; DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12151
Reddit logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Materials and Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Acknowledgements
    • Footnotes
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • Efficacy of Oral Recombinant Methioninase and Eribulin on a PDOX Model of Triple-negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) Liver Metastasis
  • Oral-recombinant Methioninase Converts an Osteosarcoma from Docetaxel-resistant to -Sensitive in a Clinically-relevant Patient-derived Orthotopic-xenograft (PDOX) Mouse Model
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Evaluation of the Relationship Between miRNA-22-3p and Gal-9 Levels in Glioblastoma
  • Metformin Inhibits the Estrogen-mediated Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Ectopic Endometrial Stromal Cells in Endometriosis
  • MCC950 Ameliorates Acute Exogenous Lipoid Pneumonia Induced by Sewing Machine Oil in Rats via the NF-κB/NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway
Show more Experimental Studies

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • PDOX
  • patient-derived orthotopic xenograft
  • TNBC
  • triple-negative breast cancer
  • liver metastasis
  • re-metastasis
  • lymph node
  • ascites
  • oral recombinant methioninase
  • treatment
In Vivo

© 2023 In Vivo

Powered by HighWire