Abstract
Background/Aim: Coronavirus disease is spreading worldwide. Due to fast transmission and high fatality rate drastic emergency restrictions were issued. During the lockdown, only urgent medical services are guaranteed. All non-urgent services, as breast cancer (BC) screening, are temporarily suspended. The potential of breast cancer screening programs in increasing the survival rate and decreasing the mortality rate has been widely confirmed. Suspension could lead to worse outcomes for breast cancer patients. Our study aimed to analyse the data and provide estimates regarding the temporary BC screening suspension. Patients and Methods: Data regarding breast cancer and respective screening programs were achieved through literature research and analysis. Results: Considering three different scenarios with respect to the lockdown's impact on breast cancer screening, we estimate that approximately 10,000 patients could have a missed diagnosis during these 3 months. Considering a 6-month period, as suggested by the Imperial college model, the number of patients who will not receive a diagnosis will rise to 16,000. Conclusion: Breast cancer screening should be resumed as soon as possible in order to avoid further breast cancer missed diagnosis and reduce the impact of delayed diagnosis.
- COVID-19
- breast cancer
- SARS-SOV-2
- breast cancer screening
- mammography
- early diagnosis
- local advanced diagnosis
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic is becoming incessant, having infected almost four million people worldwide (1). Based on the latest data, in Italy, more than 200,000 people are positive for SARS-COV-2 with a case fatality rate of up to 14% (2). Due to the fast human-to-human transmission and the high fatality rate, on 10 March 2020, the Italian Government, as did other countries, introduced drastic emergency restrictions. These extraordinary measures to limit viral transmission, include: cessation of most activities, quarantine and strict self-isolation (2).
Accordingly, this emergency implies a total reorganization of the Health System, including temporary resource reallocation toward COVID-19 (3). Many hospitals are turning into COVID-19 specialized medical centers. During this transition phase, only urgent medical services are guaranteed while oncological procedures are suffering a significant slowdown (3). In this regard, the Breast Unit has been strongly affected by these restrictions as well, with a potential impact on women's health and quality of life (4).
Every year, 3 million patients receive a cancer diagnosis worldwide. Breast cancer (BC) corresponds to 14% of cancer diagnoses and to 30% of cancers in women. In Italy, approximately 53,500 women receive a BC diagnosis every year (5). During the last years, there has been an improvement in terms of BC prognosis with a survival rate of 87% at 5 years (6). This has been made possible thanks to the empowerment of BC treatment and increased incidence rate of early BC diagnosis by virtue of the screening programs. Berry et al. used a modelling technique to assess how screening and treatment improvements contribute to the reduction in BC mortality (7). The authors estimated that around 45% of the improvement in BC prognosis in western countries during the past 10-20 years, may be associated with the effect of BC screening (considering both, organized and self-referral screening) (7). A significant benefit of screening is the ability to diagnose BC at earlier stages, this being a fundamental factor in reducing recurrence and increasing the survival rate (8, 9). Furthermore, in the epoch of programmed screening, improvements were achieved in terms of tumor size and clinical features (10).
From the second half of the 1990s, when BC screening was introduced in Italy, many studies reported an improvement of survival and a significant decrease of BC diagnosed by physical examination (palpable lesions, nipple discharged, cutis retraction, breast ulceration and mastitis carcinomatosa) (11, 12).
According to European guidelines, most programs in Italy invite women aged 50-69 years to undergo screening with high-quality mammography every two years. In 2019, around 5 million women were invited and 74% of them were screened (considering both organized and self-referral screening) (13).
According to data reported in the literature, 65-70% of BC diagnoses were determined through radiological imaging, including organized and self-referral BC screening (10, 11). The remaining 30-35% are diagnosed through physical examination. Currently, only urgent imaging is available, according to Government restrictions (2). Both, organized and self-referral screening are temporarily suspended (4). The Shutdown of screening programs along elective activities and the reduction of services could restrict the evaluation to only clinical observation of lesions detected by self-breast examination. Due to the uncertainty of the outbreak's ending time and the gradual reversion to normal situation, the aim of the study was to estimate the effect of BC screening suspension during the lockdown.
Patients and Methods
Epidemiological data of breast cancer were achieved from the Italian cancer registry, from Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS) reports and GLOBOCAN (14, 15). Data regarding outcome and survival from AIOM and GLOBOCAN were analysed and reported. The improvement of survival and the reduction of staging presentation in breast cancer after the introduction of screening program were extrapolated by literature. Data concerning breast cancer screening were achieved from EPICENTRO PASSI (12). All the following data were compared with data reported by studies published in the literature. For estimating mean time of breast cancer, tumor doubling times were achieved through literature analysis. Two authors performed independent data researching. The aim of our study is to analyse the data and provide estimates in three different scenarios regarding the temporary BC screening suspension.
Results
Scenario 1. In this scenario we estimate the impact of screening suspension using a cascade of events model.
According to AIRTUM, the cumulative risk of developing Breast cancer between the ages of 50 and 69 is 5.5%, therefore around 2.7% per year.
Conservative analysis from screening data demonstrates, albeit some variations due to geographical distribution, an incidence rate of 1.3 invasive breast cancer per 100,000 equal inhabitants among the 50-69 age group (1.4 breast cancer in situ per 1,000).
In fact, as of 31 December 2019, 8,599,749 women of this age group were present in Italy. Therefore, an annual incidence rate of 11,180 invasive K cases can be estimated.
Cancelled or delayed screenings for a minimum period of 6 months as (delays, queues, omissions).
From a literature analysis, together with other sources, we can assume a doubling time of 152.2 days, which, by taking the same conservative approach, can be equated to the 6 months of delayed or omitted screenings (16, 17).
We can, therefore, optimistically conclude that 50% of the 11,180 cases (5,590 or higher) will be identified with a delay of only 6 months and will exhibit an invasive K double in size associated with a progression from stage II to III, and that at least as many will progress from stage I to II. It can be thus estimated that 50% of T1 (43.95%), or about 6,000 people, would progress to T2 and about 600 from T2 to T3.
Scenario 2. In the second scenario we estimate the impact of screening suspension considering the inability to diagnose all the not clinically evident lesions. We based this analysis on the assumption that all women with a clinically evident breast lesion can carry out the normal diagnostic path same as before the lockdown event.
Every year in Italy, according to the Italian Cancer Registry, approximately 50,000 women receive breast cancer diagnosis.
Following the advancement of Breast Cancer Screening programs, approximately 35% of the diagnosed lesions are palpable or clinically evident cancer. Every year approximately 32,500 diagnoses of breast cancer are achieved by screening, considering both spontaneous and programmed.
Suspension of this diagnostic path for 3 months could lead to temporarily missing 8,125 BC diagnoses. According to Imperial College model (18), the estimated time to stopping the spread of COVID-19 is 6 months. Thus, following a 6 months suspension of BC screening, the temporarily missed diagnoses could reach 16,250.
These delayed diagnoses will lead to not only more advanced stages of disease, but also a greater increase of patients in need for diagnostic paths and treatments.
More invasive breast surgery such as mastectomy and the need for reconstructive surgery will increase (e.g. prosthesis). The number of patients who will have to perform neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy will increase. More health resources will be required to meet the increased demand of breast cancer diagnostic paths and treatments.
We may observe a deterioration in the quality of life of these breast cancer patients, a worse outcome and an increase in healthcare costs.
Scenario 3. In the following scenario we estimate the impact of screening suspension considering the inability to diagnose all the not clinically evident lesions. Moreover, we have considered that around 35% (19) of women with a clinically evident breast lesion postponed the normal diagnostic path due to anxiety of COVID-19.
Starting from Scenario 2:
Every year in Italy, according to the Italian Cancer Registry, approximately 50,000 women receive breast cancer diagnosis.
Approximately 35% of the diagnosed lesions are palpable or clinically evident cancer.
Due to COVID-19 anxiety, around 30% of patients refused breast cancer diagnostic paths and treatments.
Additional 1,300 patients could have delayed breast cancer diagnosis and treatment, related to COVID-19 anxiety.
Discussion
The spread of COVID-19 pandemic strongly influenced people's daily life together with preventive and therapeutic procedures (20). Since each hospital visit exposes patients to COVID-19's high contagiousness, the risk/benefit ratio should be considered (21). Alongside, global emergency implied a total reorganization of the Health System: medical resources and supplies are temporary reallocated toward COVID-19 (19) and non-urgent procedures are suffering a significant slowdown (3). In this regard, Breast Units have been strongly affected by these restrictions as well and BC screening programs have been shut down, with a potential impact on women's health and quality of life (4).
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer (24.2%) and the leading cause of cancer-related death (15.0%) in women worldwide (15). The latest statistics suggest that BC incidence rate and related mortality are increasing all over the world, reaching approximately 3.2 million new cases per year by 2050 (22). The extent of BC and its strong impact on women's life highlight the key role of preventive measures. Five-year survival rate of BC patients is above 80% in developed countries, mainly due to early prevention and treatment (23). Screening represents an independent prognostic factor in BC, associated with an improved survival rate and decreased loco-regional recurrence incidence. Indeed, the introduction of breast screening programs allowed to achieve both, downscaling in the clinico-pathological features of invasive BCs and reducing the impact of loco-regional and adjuvant treatments (24-26). EUSOBI (European Society of Breast Imaging) and 30 national breast radiology bodies support mammography for population-based screening which demonstrated a reduction in breast cancer mortality and treatment impact (27). The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), based on 20 cohort studies and 20 case-control studies conducted in high-income countries, states that mammography screening determines a reduction in mortality of up to 40% in women aged 50-69 years. In addition, they assess that the probability of false-positive needle biopsy is <1 % per round and overdiagnosis is only 1-10% for a 20-year screening. Mortality reduction was also observed among the age groups of 40-49 and 70-74 years (28).
Some studies object to screening on the basis of overdiagnosis incidence leading to over-treatment. Moreover, they suggest that the decreased mortality rate is due to the enhancement and upgrading of therapeutic procedures (29, 30). Berry et al., using seven different models, postulate that the proportion of total reduction in BC mortality was attributed to screening from 28 to 65% (median, 46%) while adjuvant treatment contributed the rest (7). Furthermore, EUROSCREEN working group claims that for every 1,000 women aged 50-69 who are screened, 8 receive diagnosis and treatment thanks to the screening, additional 47 women with breast cancer are treated and survive, 12 die from breast cancer, 30 undergo biopsy for benign lesions, 170 undergo further diagnostic investigations for benign lesions and 729 are reassured about the absence of breast cancer (7, 28). Therefore, tumour stage at diagnosis of BC still significantly impacts the overall survival, even in the current era of effective systemic therapy, highlighting how early diagnosis remains crucial (27).
Screening and breast cancer in Italy. In Italy, BC represents the first cancer diagnosis among the female population with approximately 53,000 new cases in 2019. Women aged between 50-69 years exhibit the highest incident of BC, 22,482 cases (35%) (Table I) (5). Despite a five-year survival rate over 87%, BC remains the first cause of cancer-related death among the female population in Italy (17%), with different rates according to age (Table I) (5).
The potential of BC screening programs in increasing the survival rate and decreasing the mortality rate has been widely confirmed. Mortality rate among women aged 50-69 was evaluated by AIRC (Foundation for Cancer Research) working group at 23% for each woman invited to a screening program (both, those who participated and those who did not) and 40% for women who do not undergo mammography screening (31). Moreover, since the introduction of BC screening, the incidence of T2-T4 cancers has decreased by 30% in less than 8 years, with a steady trend over this period (6).
Breast cancer incidence, mortality and 5-year survival rates divided by age in Italy.
According to our estimate, we may observe an increase in size and stage of BC presentation, which could lead to an increase in more invasive surgeries and in the consequent need for further surgeries for breast reconstruction (32-34). Furthermore, advanced stages could require adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatments that could have been avoided. All this would lead to a deterioration in patients' quality of life and an increase in healthcare costs (35-37).
Latest data reported that out of 8,599,794 women (target female population aged 50-69 years), 54.6% were invited to screening programs. Out of which 55% underwent mammography screening (12). Among examined women (53.8%), 6.2% underwent further diagnostic investigations (Table II) (38). An additional 1,846,139 women (19.3% of the female target population) underwent preventive mammography outside the organized programs (Table III) (12). Despite the NHS investing many resources to promote BC screening, adherence varies between the north and south of Italy: organized programs capture just over 1/3 of the female target population in the southern regions, while reaching 2/3 in the northern regions (Figure 1) (12).
The Italian Association of Medical Oncology (AIOM) recommends BC screening with a reasonable life expectancy and states that there is no age threshold for patients to suggest that breast imaging should be suspended (31). Temporary screening suspension may result in a delay in diagnosis. In addition to the negative impact in terms of cancer outcomes, this could compromise waiting lists. Indeed, these delayed and misdiagnoses could accumulate with an impact on waiting times for screening. Furthermore, the consequent increase in diagnosis could cause an increase in surgical waiting lists already slowed down by the lockdown and COVID-19 anxiety of patients (19).
Organized breast cancer screening in Italy.
Organized and self-referral breast cancer screening in Italy.
In our opinion, the National Health care system should take any measures in order to prevent the COVID-19 detrimental effect on BC (3, 4). BC centers changed their clinical practice to reduce hospitalization (32, 40-43) and immunological impact of surgical treatment (36, 44). During the COVID pandemic several facilities implemented or created tele-health programs for breast patients (20).
As reported by Giunti et al., several breast cancer-focused apps has been developed with some advertising complementary medicine (45). In our opinion, the National Health system should promote, through a dedicated software application, remote screening and outpatient visits to guarantee evidence-based prevention and treatment of breast cancer. These platforms could provide easier access to the Health system for patients, reduce costs in hospitals and in screening or follow-up programs. Moreover, personalized screening programs could be used temporarily in order to triage urgent patients (3). A personalized screening program already demonstrated effectiveness in terms of incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY) and their application during outbreaks could reduce their effect on Women Health (46).
Conclusion
In our view, screening should be resumed as soon as possible, investing more resources in order to avoid further delays, since early diagnosis is a key point for breast cancer. An organized tele-health could reduce the impact of new pandemic or any new emerging stress. The COVID-19 pandemic and the Sierra Leone Ebola outbreak highlighted the need for a modern, flexible national health system that has to overcome new emerging challenges that further emerging pandemic could generate (47, 48).
Organized and self-referral BC screening in Italy.
Acknowledgements
This study was found with the non-conditional contribution of the Italian Ministry of Health.
Footnotes
Authors' Contributions
Study conception and design: Vanni Gianluca, Leonardo Palombi, Pellicciaro Marco, Materazzo Marco, Buonomo Oreste Claudio; Collection and analysis of data: Pellicciaro Marco, Materazzo Marco; Interpretation of data: Vanni Gianluca, Leonardo Palombi, Oldani Chiara, Chiaravalloti Agostistino; Figure Article draft: Marco Pellicciaro, Gianluca Vanni, Caspi Jonathan; Critical revision and draft approval: Gianluca Vanni, Marco Pellicciaro, Marco Materazzo, Valentina Bruno, Chiara Oldani, Chiara Adriana Pistolese, Chiara Buonomo, Jonathan Caspi, Paola Gualtieri, Agostino Chiaravalloti, Leonardo Palombi, Emilio Piccione, Oreste Claudio Buonomo.
This article is freely accessible online.
Conflicts of Interest
The Authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this study.
- Received May 28, 2020.
- Revision received June 16, 2020.
- Accepted June 18, 2020.
- Copyright© 2020, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved
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