Abstract
Background/Aim: Gastrointestinal toxicity is common in patients receiving common therapy of ixazomib with lenalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone (IRd) for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Here, we investigated the safety and effectiveness of ixazomib dosing schedules. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 17 consecutive patients treated with IRd (10 patients on ixazomib dose-escalation strategy (2.3 mg starting dose); seven patients on standard dose). Results: The incidence of grade 3 or more haematological and grade 2 or more non-haematological adverse events was lower in the dose-escalation group than in the standard-dose group, and only that of diarrhoea was significantly lower. The median time to treatment interruption was significantly longer in the dose-escalation group than in the standard-dose group. There was no significant difference in the overall response rate (20% vs. 43%) and disease control rate (70% vs. 86%). Conclusion: A dose-escalation strategy to optimise ixazomib dosing may reduce treatment interruption due to adverse events without compromising its antitumor activity.
Proteasome inhibitor and immunomodulatory drugs have markedly improved the overall survival of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) (1). Various other drugs, including monoclonal antibodies, have also been introduced (2). In addition, treatment has evolved from doublet therapy to use of three or more agents in combination therapy, regardless of transplantation eligibility (3).
Ixazomib is an attractive drug as the first oral proteasome inhibitor to be approved in Japan in March 2017. In combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone, a fixed dose of 4 mg ixazomib is the usual dose for patients with relapsed/refractory MM. While ixazomib, lenalidomide and dexamethasone (combination therapy as IRd) can be administered only orally, the associated gastrointestinal toxicities, such as diarrhoea, nausea, and vomiting, tend to be more frequent and severe than in triplet therapy that includes other proteasome inhibitors such as bortezomib and carfilzomib (4-6). Furthermore, the number of patients at the time of clinical development of IRd in Japan was extremely small. In a global, phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on IRd, Only 20 Japanese patients were included in the experimental arm (4), although 14 patients were included in a Japanese phase I study (7). To our best knowledge, there are currently no real-world data on dose-modified IRd in the Japanese population.
Japan has the highest proportion of people over the age of 65 years in the world (8). According to a previous report comparing the domestic incidence of MM between 1990-2000 and 2001-2012 in Japan, there was no difference in the median age at diagnosis. However, the proportion of those aged 75 years or older increased from 29.7% to 32.4% (9). In patients with relapsed/refractory MM, many of whom are elderly with impaired organ function, concerns have been raised about increased toxicity with IRd using the standard dose of ixazomib.
Dose escalation for reducing adverse events (AEs) while maintaining effectiveness has been recently evaluated, including in molecular targeted drugs for colorectal cancer (10) and immunomodulatory drugs for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (11). This study aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of dose escalation of ixazomib from low doses for relapsed/refractory MM.
Swimmer plot presenting ixazomib dosing history up to the cut-off date in dose-escalation (A) and standard-dose (B) groups. Individual patients are represented throughout the different cycles by a horizontal series of bars. There are up to three doses of ixazomib in one cycle, and each dose is represented by a rectangle. †Censored case.
Patient characteristics.
Patients and Methods
Patients and study design. The retrospective study evaluated consecutive patients with relapsed/refractory MM who received IRd at the National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center (Tokyo, Japan) between June 2017 and December 2018. Patient information was obtained from medical records. Data were collected on patient characteristics, including sex, age, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, International Staging System category at diagnosis, myeloma subtype, cytogenetic abnormalities, time from diagnosis, creatinine clearance (CrCl) estimated using the Cockcroft-Gault equation, Charlson Comorbidity Index, prophylactic antiemetic medication, antidiarrhoeal drug prescription, prior treatment, intolerance to latest treatment, and refractoriness of bortezomib and lenalidomide. This study was performed according to the principles set out in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and all subsequent revisions and was approved by the Ethics Committee at National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center (R19-063). Treatment. IRd therapy consisted of three different agents: ixazomib, lenalidomide, and low-dose dexamethasone. Ixazomib was administered on days 1, 8, and 15 of each 28-day cycle, with lenalidomide on days 1-21 and dexamethasone on days 1, 8, 15, and 22. The doses of lenalidomide and dexamethasone were determined by each physician according to the patient's age, performance status, comorbidities, and renal function. Patients were divided into two groups according to the starting dose of ixazomib: The standard-dose (SD) group, i.e. starting dose of 4 mg according to the Japanese package insert; and the dose-escalation (DE) group, i.e. starting dose of 2.3 mg ixazomib with dose escalation up to 4 mg according to tolerability. The starting dose of 2.3 mg was adopted because it was the lowest dose that could be used in clinical practice and that was the SD or higher in the phase I study with ixazomib alone (12). Dose titration of ixazomib was performed at the discretion of each physician. In cases with AEs, the dose was reduced; otherwise, IRd administration was suspended until recovery from the AEs. IRd was administered until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or the decision to discontinue by the patient or the physician. At the start of the treatment, pharmacists interviewed and explained in detail how to take the constituent drugs of IRd therapy, including antidiarrhoeal drugs, and prophylactic antiemesis for all patients regardless of ambulatory practice or hospitalisation. The pharmacists then continued interviews to check medication adherence and monitor AEs at every subsequent outpatient visit. The IRd dosing information, such as starting dose and cumulative dose of each drugs was examined. A swimmer plot was drawn to clearly show the dosing history of ixazomib (Figure 1).
Dosing information for therapy using ixazomib combined with lenalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone.
Safety and effectiveness. Dose modification, time to treatment interruption and discontinuation (TTD), and the incidence of treatment discontinuation due to AEs were examined. The severity of AEs was classified according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.03 (13). The TTD was defined as the time from initiation of IRd treatment until the last dose recorded as one aspect of evaluating effectiveness (14). Time to treatment interruption was also defined as the time from initiation of IRd treatment until the first dose missed (inability to take ixazomib due to any cause) or the last dose recorded within the follow-up. MM disease response was assessed by physicians in accordance with the uniform criteria of the International Myeloma Working Group (15).
Drug-related adverse events according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events ver 4.03 (13).
Statistical analysis. Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney U-test were used for between-group comparisons of categorical and numerical data, respectively. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the TTD. The significance of the TTD in each group was tested using a generalised Wilcoxon test. All p-values were two-sided, and vaIues less than 0.05 were considered significant. All statistical analyses were performed using EZR (Easy R) version 1.40 (Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan) (16).
Results
Patient characteristics. Of the 17 patients included in the analysis, 10 (median age=75 years) and seven (median age=78 years) patients were categorised into the DE and the SD groups, respectively. The baseline characteristics of the 17 patients are listed in Table I. The baseline characteristics were mostly comparable between group. Although the percentage of male patients (70% vs. 43%), patients with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 2 (40% vs. 0%), patients receiving prophylactic antiemetic medication (90% vs. 71%) and antidiarrhoeal drug prescription (90% vs. 71%), and those refractory to prior bortezomib and lenalidomide (40% vs. 14%) was higher in the DE group than in the SD group, there was no significant difference.
Kaplan-Meier plots of time to treatment discontinuation (TTD) in the dose-escalation (DE) and standard-dose (SD) groups. Censored patients are marked on the curves with a cross. CI: Confidence interval; NA: Not applicable.
Treatment modification.
Treatment. IRd dosing information is shown in Table II. Except for one patient, all other patients in the SD group started with 4 mg of ixazomib. This patient started treatment with 3 mg of ixazomib according to the US package insert because their CrCl was less than 30 ml/min. The starting dose of lenalidomide and dexamethasone was generally based on the age-specific dose setting proposed by Palumbo et al. (17). Because one patient who started lenalidomide at 5 mg in the DE group had severe renal dysfunction (CrCl <30 ml/min) and two patients who started dexamethasone at 4 or 8 mg in both groups were under treatment for diabetes, the starting dose of each drug was reduced. The median cumulative doses of ixazomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone in the DE and SD groups were 46.2, 1,560 and 352 mg and 42.5, 770 and 416 mg, respectively, with no significant difference. At the cut-off of May 30, 2019, the median follow-up of the whole patient cohort was 373 days (interquartile range=191-700 days). Ixazomib dosing history by treatment groups until the cut-off date is summarised in Figure 1.
Best response to therapy using ixazomib combined with lenalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone.
Safety and effectiveness. The AEs experienced by patients under IRd therapy are shown in Table III. The incidence of both grade 3 or more haematological and grade 2 or more non-haematological AEs was generally lower in the DE group than in the SD group, with diarrhoea being significantly lower (0% vs. 57%, p=0.01). Treatment interruption within 30 days from initiation occurred in three patients in the SD group due to grade 3 events of diarrhoea, vomiting and skin rash, and in one patient in the DE group due to grade 3 fatigue. The median time to treatment interruption was significantly longer in the DE than in the SD group (179 vs. 17 days, p=0.01) (Table IV). In addition, ixazomib dose reductions because of AEs were needed in two (20%) patients in the DE group and in six (86%) patients in the SD group. Treatment was discontinued due to AEs in two (20%) patients in the DE group and in six (86%) patients in the SD group. The reasons for discontinuation of the treatment regimen were fatigue and oedema of the lower limbs in the DE group, and fatigue, diarrhoea, skin rash, anaemia and, in two patients, reduced vision/headache in the SD group.
There were no significant differences in the overall response rate (20% vs. 43%) or disease control rate (70% vs. 86%) between the two groups (Table V). Two cases of stringent complete response were observed in the DE group, neither of which were resistant to bortezomib and lenalidomide. As shown in Figure 2, the median TTD was 179 days (95% confidence interval=42 days-not reached) in the DE group and was 202 days (95% confidence intervaI=14-392 days) in the SD group, with no significant difference.
Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of real-world data on dose-modified IRd therapy for patients with relapsed/refractory MM. In this study, we compared the safety and effectiveness between a starting dose of 4 mg ixazomib (SD group), which was recommended in previous large-scale clinical trials, and a starting dose of 2.3 mg with dose escalation (DE group). While the DE group had fewer treatment interruptions due to AEs and a lower rate of treatment discontinuation due to AEs compared to the SD group, there was no significant difference in the response rate or the TTD between the two groups. In the DE group, there were two cases of stringent complete response. The findings of this study show that a deep response can be obtained by appropriate titration even when starting from a low dose.
Pharmacokinetic analysis of ixazomib in patients with organ dysfunction showed that the exposure to ixazomib increased in patients with severe renal dysfunction (CrCl <30 ml/min) and moderate (total bilirubin: 1.5-3 times higher than the upper limit of normal, with any aspartate aminotransferase level) to severe liver dysfunction (total bilirubin: 3-fold higher than the upper limit of normal, with any aspartate aminotransferase level) compared to the general patient population. It was therefore recommended that the starting dose of ixazomib be reduced from 4 to 3 mg (18, 19). Gupta et al. reported that exposure to ixazomib tended to increase with increasing age, with decreasing body surface area (BSA), and with decreasing CrCl, but that it was not always necessary to reduce the dose of ixazomib according to these (20).
There were also several reports on differences in ixazomib exposure by race, particularly between Westerners and Asians. Gupta et al. compared dose-normalised area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) data for East Asian patients with pooled historical data from Western patients. They reported higher systemic exposures in East Asian patients (28% on day 1, 49% on day 15) (21). Although Hou et al. also reported that the mean AUC for ixazomib in Chinese patients was 80% higher than in Western patients, the higher exposure did not appear to translate into a greater incidence of AEs (22). Based on the view that ixazomib toxicity is reversible and can be managed by dose reduction, the recommended dose of ixazomib for subsequent clinical trials in Asians, including Japanese, has been 4 mg. However, these conclusions are based on patient data under clinical trials that meet strict eligibility criteria. The inter-patient variability in exposure may be high, particularly in clinical practice involving many elderly patients.
The proportion of dose reduction and treatment discontinuation due to AEs in the SD group (86% and 86%, respectively) in this study was higher than that in previous clinical trials (11-57% and 6.5-21%, respectively) (4, 7, 12, 23, 24). In an analysis of 114 patients in whom treatment was discontinued after fewer than six cycles in Japanese post-marketing surveillance, 60 (53%) patients discontinued treatment due to AEs. The main reason for discontinuation was diarrhoea (n=15, 25%), thrombocytopenia (n=12, 20%), vomiting (n=9, 15%), and nausea (n=4, 6.7%) (25). In the current study, among grade 2 or more non-haematological toxicities, only diarrhoea differed significantly in incidence between the two groups. Although there was one patient in the DE group and two in the SD group that were not prescribed antidiarrhoeal drugs and prophylactic antiemesis, the reason for the discontinuation of these patients was not gastrointestinal toxicity (such as diarrhoea, nausea, and vomiting) but rather grade 3 skin rash and progressive disease.
In this study, the median age was 75 years for the DE group and 78 years for the SD group. This was older compared to the 58-66 years in previous clinical trials including in Japan (4, 7, 12, 23, 24). The median CrCl was also 54 and 48 ml/min, and this was lower compared to 74-81 ml/min in past studies (23). In the previous large-scale clinical trial using ixazomib, there was no description of BSA; thus, a direct comparison was not possible (4). However, the median BSA of 1.55 m2 (range=1.20-1.82) in this study is almost the same as the Japanese standard BSA of 1.48 m2, which is clearly lower than the Western standard value of 1.73 m2. Therefore, a possible reason for the higher incidence of AEs and discontinuations due to AEs in the SD group of this study was that there were many patients with multiple variables.
In addition, the number of patients who became intolerant due to toxicity in the latest treatment prior to IRd therapy was zero (0%) in the DE group and one (14%) in the SD group. The failure to motivate to continue treatment due to the development of relatively strong gastrointestinal symptoms after ixazomib administration may have led to early interruption and discontinuation. In contrast, in the DE group, as shown in Figure 1 and Table III, it is presumed that the majority of patients had minimal non-haematological toxicity at the start of IRd therapy. Thus, it was possible to continue treatment smoothly.
This study has some limitations. It was a retrospective analysis and had a very small number of patients from which to draw a valid conclusion. The lack of pharmacokinetic sampling data is another major limitation. In addition, because the dose-escalation method for ixazomib in the DE group was at the discretion of the physician, an optimal and detailed strategy is unclear. Thereby, specific methods for dose titration are needed, and a prospective study with a larger number of patients is desirable.
In conclusion, the results of our study indicate that IRd therapy by titration from a low dose of ixazomib may reduce treatment interruption due to AEs and allow treatment to continue without negatively affecting effectiveness.
Footnotes
Authors' Contributions
YO, KH, and AY designed the study and prepared the article. YO, MY, KT, CO, DN, TK, SB, HU, TY, and AY observed the patients and collected clinical data. YO, DN, YY, and AY analysed the data. All Authors read and approved the final version of the article.
This article is freely accessible online.
Conflicts of Interest
The Authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
- Received May 1, 2020.
- Revision received June 2, 2020.
- Accepted June 10, 2020.
- Copyright© 2020, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved
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