Abstract
Background/Aim: In 2016, in the United States, more than 50% of breast cancer (BC) cases were diagnosed in patients older than 60 years of age. Our study aimed to estimate the risk of locoregional recurrence (LR) in patients who underwent breast-conservative treatment (BCT), according to age. Patients and Methods: This retrospective monocentric study analyzed 613 cases of patients who underwent BCT between 2003 and 2014. Patients were divided into groups according to age: Under70 (under 70 years old) and Over70 (above 70 years old). Margins width, histology results, prognostic and predictive factors were compared. Subgroup analysis was performed for patients who experienced LR. Results: LR Incidence among Under70 and Over70 was 5.4% and 1.7%, respectively (p<0.01). Group Over70 is characterized by larger tumors and a lower Ki67 index (p<0.01). Conclusion: Operation time reduction, better aesthetic results and reduced LR risk support BCT. The Over70 group exhibited better outcomes in terms of LR despite larger tumor dimensions.
Recent research of global cancer concludes that breast cancer (BC) represents the second most common cause of neoplasms with an overall number of more than 2 million cases worldwide (1). Demographic transition in developed countries predetermines increase in life expectancy and growth of the elderly population. Consequently, the growing numbers of BC diagnosis in aged patients point out the importance of a tailored approach even in this target population, avoiding undertreatment (2-4). Moreover, it is demonstrated that age is a strong factor influencing patient's choice of refusing surgery, with other demographic and disease-specific characteristics (5). In 2016, more than 50% of BCs were diagnosed in patients older than 60 years (6). Surgical management of BC is divided into two approaches: Mastectomy (Mx) and breast-conservative treatment (BCT) (7, 8).
Mx consists of breast gland complete removal with the possibility of sparing the Nipple Areola complex (9, 10). Breast reconstruction (BR) should be considered and offered to patients who undergo mastectomy, if not contraindicated by performance status or clinical stage of disease (11-13). Modern conception of breast surgery treatment shifts from preserving the breast appearance specifically to improvement of the general body image through an oncoplastic surgical technique (10, 14). BR can be performed through several techniques including lipofilling, myo-cutaneous autologous flaps and prosthetic implants (15, 16). Breast implants represent the first preference in 81.2% of cases (17). Between the years 2014 and 2018 the rate of Mx following immediate BR increased from 6.7% to 18.1% in women 65 years old or older (18). With that said, patients older than 65 are less likely to undergo BR compared to younger patients (19). Moreover, in large series, elderly patients showed a higher rate of early complications and risk of thirty-day unplanned readmission, particularly when BR was performed with an implant-based technique (18-20). Furthermore, social norms regarding sexuality, ageing and patients' priority certainly play a role in reducing the rate of BR procedure in this subset of patients (19, 21). Fenlon et al., found that BR was rarely mentioned to patients over 70 years old (22). On the other hand, avoidance of oncological radiation therapy (RT) in early breast cancer constitutes a daily clinical practice advantage of Mx. Due to these reasons and the frailty of older patients, BR is not offered to these patients as frequently as it is for younger population.
BCT includes partial removal of the mammary gland (Breast Conservative Surgery [BCS]) and subsequent adjuvant RT (23-25). Reduction of surgery duration, smaller scar, lower complication rate and shorter recovery after surgery are the major advantages of BCT (8). In addition, BCS could offer synergism to Enhanced Recovery After Surgery program, which combines nerve block analgesia, needle wire localization and probe-guided surgery, to allow day surgical management in selected patients (14, 26-32). BCT is well accepted by women and shows better outcomes for sexual and psycho-social well-being, as well as breast satisfaction compared to unilateral and bilateral Mx (33).
Nevertheless, side-effects of BCT consist of scaring, skin changes, poor aesthetic result, reoperation due to insufficient margin width and locoregional recurrence (LR). Adjuvant RT can cause skin tenderness and potential long-term effects of radiotherapy namely arm pain and lung damage (34, 35). Since 2014, in order to reduce Reoperation Rate (ROR), the Society of Surgical Oncology (SSO) and the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) developed consensus guidelines defining negative margins as “No Ink on Tumor” and as 2 mm for BC and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), respectively (36, 37). According to current guidelines, wider negative margins are not linked to better locoregional control of disease and thus further procedures are no longer recommended.
Margin management is linked with aesthetic results through the correlation between the extent of surgery and consequential breast appearance. Percentage of volume excision and localization of BC in the mammary mold are well known factors affecting breast postoperative shape (38). In case of extensive surgery, oncoplastic procedures (OPS) may improve aesthetic results described as “fair” or “poor” (14).
LR is a pathological condition characterized by reappearance of tumors in the ipsilateral breast, usually in the same quadrant of the primary tumor (70-75% of cases). Immunophenotypic and histological characteristics are mostly similar to the primary tumor, nevertheless, according to current data, LR may result in a less favorable course for the affected subjects (39, 40). Commonly, LR takes place within two years post primary treatment. These patients show higher risk for metastasis (41, 42). The incidence of LR is significantly decreasing: from 14.3% in the NSABP 06 study after 20 years of follow-up, to 3.5-6.5% in 1990s (36-38). More recent evidence revealed an LR rate of 3.5% (43-45) and 0.4% at 5 years (46). According to stage relapse, LR occurs in 20% of cases as a DCIS, while in the remaining 80% of cases as invasive BC. Moreover, in 75% of cases LR is unique and isolated to the breast, and in 5-15% is associated with lymph node recurrence or distant metastases (47, 48). In cases of LR, Mx is chosen as the first treatment, especially for elderly patients (49).
The modern era of BC treatment is headed by the knowledge of BC locoregional and metastatic behavior (50, 51) and the subsequent development of systemic tailored strategy, i.e. neoadjuvant chemotherapy (52-55). All these approaches together led to an increase in overall survival (OS) by 2.2% per year (56). The steady decrease in mortality predetermines an increasing number of patients in remission who are at risk of recurrence followed BCT. Overall growth of population at LR risk and demographic transition across the world raised attention to BC in the elderly (2, 57). Choices of treatment are debated during multidisciplinary meetings and, in order to minimize the risk of morbidity, adequate preoperative and frailty assessment with early involvement of the geriatrician and anesthetists should be performed (21). In our experience, due to the lower interest in aesthetics together with patients' anxiety, Mx without BR is the more common treatment requested by the elderly. In addition to lesser aesthetic results, Mx shows higher incidence of complications in comparison with BCT and even OPS. Mx alone, when associated with other comorbidities, may lead to unacceptable morbidity rates (58).
BCT is less invasive, requiring for shorter operation time with lower incidence of complications and could therefore produce good results, even in terms of LR, in elderly women. Our study aimed to compare LR among women of different age groups (younger than 70 and older than 70) who underwent BCT. Our hypothesis states that age has an impact over risks of LR, implying that BCT outcomes may be dependent on the patient's age.
Patients and Methods
Study design. This study is a retrospective case-control study. The Institutional Review Board of Policlinico Tor Vergata Foundation waived the need for a formal approval in view of the retrospective design of the study.
Patient characteristics. We examined all female patients who underwent oncological breast surgeries at the Breast Unit of Tor Vergata hospital (PTV). From January 2003 to December 2014 we analyzed 1,027 consecutive cases with a median age of 61 (range=20-94 years). All patients were admitted to and treated by the diagnostic and therapeutic facilities of PTV Breast Center in concordance with the Italian Association of Medical Oncology (AIOM) guidelines available in the period of treatment.
Linear correlation between age and %ER, PR and Ki67 index.
In line with the primary aim of the study, we analyzed only patients that received BCT, thus 613 patients (59.68%). Median age of the cohort was 60, mean follow-up was 85.56 months. Recurrence was defined as disease relapse in the ipsilateral breast or ipsilateral axilla at 5 years follow-up. According to the main hypothesis of present study, we divided the studied population into two groups: patients who are older than 70 (Over70) and younger (Under70). We decided to use 70 years old patients as cut off considering the Italian Health Care System provides free mammogram screening to patients between the ages 50 and 69 (59). Moreover, the 70 years old cut off in the literature seems to affect the choice of treatment more than tumor biology (6). Table I represents summarized calculations of linear correlation between age and expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and Ki67 index (Ki67) showing no correlation.
Data collection. Data from pathological examinations were analyzed regarding to the type of neoplasia, tumor dimension, surgical margin (in millimeters), node involvement, prognostic and predictive factors [ER, PR, Ki67 and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression (HER2)]. Pathological staging was based on recommendations from AJCC 2018 (edition VIII) of TMN classification. Tumor Grade was evaluated according to the Nottingham Histologic Score system (the Elston-Ellis modification of Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grading system).
The ER, PR and Ki67 receptors were expressed as a percentage of positive cells in specimen studied through immunohistochemistry. Overexpression of Her2 gene (HER2 SCORE) was identified by IHC and by FISH, as indicated by the recommendations of the 2013 ASCO/CAP. Consequently, patients were classified as Her2-positive if they were assigned with 3+ score by IHC or demonstrated the amplification of Her2 gene (ratio>2) by FISH. If the SCORE was not obtained through tests, it was blindly reevaluated by pathologist according to mentioned guidelines. All patients were divided into the following subgroups: Luminal A, Luminal B+, Luminal B-, Her2 Type (Her2), and Triple Negative in concordance with the classification of intrinsic subtypes recommended by the San Gallen International Expert Consensus Report of 2017. Outcomes of two groups were compared in terms of recurrence, pathological findings and relapse risk factors. After this primary analysis between Over70 and Under70 we subsequently analyzed the subgroup of patients who experienced LR.
Prognostic and predictive baseline findings in the study groups.
Statistical analysis. All data were codified into the EXCEL database (Microsoft, Washington, DC, USA). For continuous variables we calculated medians with ranges. Estimated dependent variables were continuous and not normally distributed. As a main statistical method, we used the Mann-Whitney U-test to compare differences between two independent groups (Over70 and Under70). Dummy variables were reported as numbers and percentages. Comparisons were performed using the Fisher's exact test. In order to identify relations between age and LR risks, we used Pearson correlation coefficient (R). We measured the strength and direction of a linear relationship between age variable (0 if patient belongs to Over70 group, 1 if patient belongs to Under70 group) and LR variable (1 if LR presents, 0 if not). Coefficient values closer to -1 represent strong negative relationship, values closer to +1 show strong positive relationship. Values close to 0 imply weak or absent relationship. Variables with assigned p-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. All the statistical analysis was performed in SPSS statistical package version 23.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
Among 613 patients who underwent BCS, the median follow-up was 4.63 years with 26 (5%) cases of LR at pathological exam, 87,6% patients exhibited ductal carcinoma, 8% lobular carcinomas. Median dimensions of the tumors were 15 mm, margins were 3.7 mm and in 22.51% of patients' node metastasis were documented. The group Under70 contained 435 patients (71%) and group Over70 178 patients (29%). Tables II and III present summary statistics regarding status of receptors, Ki67 index and molecular subtype focusing, as well as p-values associated with ranks provided by the Mann-Whitney U-test.
No statistically significant difference was found regarding tumor subtypes, as summarized in Table III. Lymph node involvement presented in 40 cases (22.5%) among the Over70 group and in 98 cases (22.5%) among the Under70 group, our results demonstrated that age did not affect lymph node involvement (p=0.828). Despite the discrepancy from known literature, the lack of differences between the groups could better highlight the impact of age on LR risk.
Molecular subtype classification according San Gallen 2017 Criteria in the study groups.
Her2-positive expression was found in 69 patients (38.8%) among the group Over70 versus 139 cases (31.9%) among the Under70 group (p=0.11). Expression of ER was higher in older patients, 78.6% (Over70) versus 72.6% (under70 group), with a statistically significant difference (p=0.04). Moreover, Ki-67 index demonstrated a statistically significant difference with higher values for younger group, 20.2% (Under70) and 16.1% (Over70) (p=0.01). No difference in levels of PR was found between the groups (p=0.66). Surgical margin widths were similar in both groups: 3.81 mm and 3.75 mm in Over70 and Under70, respectively (p=0.88). Older patients exhibited higher tumor dimension median (17.0 mm) compared to that of the younger ones (14.0 mm) (p<0.01).
Incidence of LR were observed in 23 (5.4%) cases among Under70 group and in 3 (1.7%) cases among Over70 group, showing a statistically significant difference with p=0.04. Therefore, with regard to the hypothesis posed at the beginning of the study, it is now possible to state that age affects the BCS outcomes. General LR incidence constituted 4.2% of cases (26 out of 613). Subgroup analysis was performed with the same age cutoff, patients with LR in 23 cases belonged to Under70 group, and in 3 cases to Over70. Lymph node involvement was observed in 11 cases (47.8%) among the younger group and in 1 case (33%) among the older group (no statistically significant difference – p=1.000). All older patients with LR showed Her2-positive expression compared to only 16 patients (70%) in the younger group (p=0.53). Expressions of ER and PR did not show any statistically significant difference between Over70 and Under70 groups (p=0.63 and p=0.95, respectively). In addition, Ki-67 index was not statistically significantly different between groups, representing a median value of 24.2% in the Under70 and 25% in the Over70 study (associated p=0.93). Therefore, none of these differences were statistically significant. Older patients with LR showed larger tumour dimensions, 25.3 mm for Over70 versus 22.4 mm for Under70, and closer surgical margins 2.33 mm versus 2.51 mm, without any statistical significance (p=0.82 and p=0.87, respectively).
Discussion
Comparing two groups of patients who relapsed, Over70 and Under70, we analyzed different predictive factors to identify which of them were the most relevant to relapse-onset. Our sample showed a 4.2% recurrence rate, in line with results of Kabat et al. (60).
Confirming existing research, our study showed that young patients experience recurrence more often than elderly patients (61, 62). Therefore, we proclaim that age is a fundamental variable of our study. Analyzing predictive factors between two groups we found that no statistically significant differences were found in terms of tumor subtype, unlike in literature, where tumors in the elderly are associated with a more favorable tumor biology (63). Even with regards to lymph node invasion we did not find any statistically significant difference between the two groups (64).
Furthermore, analysis of HER2 SCORE and PR expression did not show any statistical difference between groups. However, Under70 group presented higher value of both, as already underlined in the literature. HER2 SCORE and PR expression are both associated with recurrence (65-68). Interestingly, patients in our series demonstrated no statistical difference on both factors underlying the role of age on LR risk.
Expression of ER was greater in older patients than in the Under70 group, showing a statistically significant difference, resulting as a protective factor for the onset of recurrence, consistent with literature (69). The Ki67 index also showed a statistically significant difference with a higher value among younger women, congruous with the literature (70). Interestingly, the study of margins showed larger dimensions in older patients than those Under70, without finding a statistically significant difference. Even though older patients showed larger tumor sizes than younger ones, with a statistically significant difference, in our study LR was lower in the elderly population. (71). Data presented in this article largely confirm data in the literature regarding the safety of BCT, especially in the elderly, and the subsequent lower risk of LR in Over70 patients. The modern concept of negative margins is now defined as residual tumor burden low enough to be controlled by adjuvant treatment and not anymore associated with the assurance of no residual tumor burden in the breast (34, 72).
Surgical margins are not an exact science due to the high number of slices (up to 3,000) needed for a full evaluation of margin status and alteration of the specimen following surgical removal (73, 74). Moreover, tumor development could lead to multifocal, multicentric disease with residual neoplasm despite the negative margins of the surgical specimen (75). The correct surgical procedure could be selected through consideration of stage, biology of the tumor, adjuvant treatment, patient's expectations, performance status, patient's comorbidities as well as obtaining a correct surgical margin.
Our study demonstrated how LR rate could be affected by age, where Over70 patients experienced a lower rate. Our study has potential limitations mainly due to its retrospective design, single-center patients and the inability to calculate the percentage of volume excision in order to assess the aesthetic results. No information was collected in regard to the surgical techniques (e.g. OPS approach) and the adjuvant therapy due to the change made in breast cancer guidelines during the period of treatment. However, the length of the follow up, the lack of difference in Molecular subtypes rate and most of the prognostic and predictive factors can underline clearly the role of age in LR risk. The low rate of LR among the Over70 patients, largely confirmed from literature, signify the effectiveness of this approach in these subsets of patients.
In conclusion, our data, as largely known from literature, demonstrated that BCT is a safe procedure and should always be proposed in this group of patients in order to reduce the duration of surgery, the hospital stay and the complication rate. LR risk in elderly patients should not influence the surgical choice although maintenance of body integrity, even partial, should be considered. Further study could investigate the role of OPS in elderly patients in order to obtain margin-free and better aesthetic results. Moreover, discarding adjuvant treatment RT among these patients is debated in the literature. Potential abatement of RT highlights the importance of real communication between patients and the multidisciplinary team to allow the patients' full involvement in the therapeutic choice (25, 76).
Footnotes
Authors' Contributions
Study conception and design: Pellicciaro Marco, Buonomo Oreste Claudio. Acquisition of data: Meucci Rosaria, Morando Ljuba, Anemona Lucia; Analysis of data: Marco Pelliccaro, Gianluca Vanni, Barbarino Rosaria; Interpretation of data: Materazzo Marco, Chiaravalloti Agostino; Article draft: Vanni Gianluca, Materazzo Marco, Caspi Jonathan; Critical revision: Perretta Tommaso, Orsaria Paolo; Critical Revision of Literature: Deiana Camilla, Pistolese Chiara Adriana, D'Angelillo Rolando Maria.
This article is freely accessible online.
Conflicts of Interest
The Authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this study.
- Received February 20, 2020.
- Revision received March 12, 2020.
- Accepted March 13, 2020.
- Copyright© 2020, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved
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