Abstract
Background/Aim: The present study aimed at evaluating the contribution of IL-4 promoter T-1099G (rs2243248), C-589T (rs2243250), C-33T (rs2070874) genotypes to the risk of breast cancer in Taiwanese. Materials and Methods: A total of 1232 breast cancer patients and 1232 age-matched controls were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methodology. Results: Genotypic frequencies of IL-4 rs2243248, rs2243250 and rs2070874 were not differentially distributed between case and control groups. Consistently, there was no difference in the distribution of allelic frequencies among patients and controls. Conclusion: IL-4 rs2243248, rs2243250 and rs2070874 do not confer breast cancer susceptibility in Taiwanese.
Breast cancer is the most invasive malignancy and has attracted high worldwide interest compared to other forms of death-causing cancers (1). Although the survival rates of breast cancer patients are increasing, breast cancer-related global deaths have been elevated to about 45% (1). In Taiwan, breast cancer has the highest incidence and is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality. The modern medical care system failed to reduce the mortality rate by nearly 2,000 persons per year during the past decade (2, 3). From the epidemiological viewpoint, the risk factors for breast cancer in Taiwanese women have been reported to be high-caloric intake, high-fat diets, early onset of menarche, relatively late of menopause, overweight or obesity, high levels of mental stress, and exposure to environmental pollutants (4).
In addition to these lifestyle and environmental factors, there are several hereditary factors waiting to be revealed. Histopathological markers, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) are commonly used as diagnostic markers for further determination of clinical treatment, and almost 60 to 70% of breast cancer cases are ER/PR positive (5-8). Although these three markers are useful for treatment determination and drug response prediction, 10 to 20% of breast cancer patients are classified as triple negative, which is more aggressive form of breast cancer lacking a treatment target (9). That is, the three markers are not sufficient to cover all the heterogeneity of breast cancer (10). Since the breast cancer prevalence and mortality rates are extremely high in both Taiwan and the world, it is meaningful to identify novel genomic markers for early clinical detection and prognosis prediction.
Interleukin-4 (IL-4), which controls the maturation of T helper 2 cells (11, 12) and has been associated with asthma susceptibility (13), is mainly produced by macrophages and T lymphocytes (11, 12). IL-4 is a double-edged sword: it has been reported to mediate an antitumor effect (14-16), while, elevated IL-4 levels have been found in tumor tissues from patients with breast, renal cell, prostate, colon and lung cancer (17). In addition, the growth of transplanted lung cancer cells has been shown to be delayed in IL-4 knock-out mice (18).
Demographics and life style habits of the 1232 breast cancer patients and the 1232 healthy control Taiwanese women.
To date, the contribution of genotypic variations of IL-4 to cancer has not been well-studied. As for breast cancer, in 2009, the IL-4 VNTR polymorphism at its intron 3 was found not to be associated with risk for breast cancer among Indian women (19). In 2014, in a larger population consisting of 182 cases and 239 controls, the T allele at IL-4 rs2243250 was found to be associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer among Caucasians (20). In a meta-analysis study investigating a mixed population of 10,873 patients and 14,328 controls for IL4 rs2243250 genotypes, 3,970 patients and 5,686 controls for IL4 rs2070874 genotypes, and 1,896 patients and 2,526 controls for IL4 rs79071878 genotypes, a significant association with cancer risk was observed for rs2243250 and rs79071878 genotypes (21). In detail subgroup analysis by cancer type, rs2243250 genotypes were associated with risk for gastric and breast cancers; rs2070874 genotypes were associated with risk for leukemia and oral carcinoma, and rs79071878 genotypes were associated with risk for bladder carcinoma risk (21). In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, IL4 rs2243250 genotypes were associated with risk for cancer in both Caucasian and Asian populations, rs2070874 genotypes were associated with cancer risk in Asian populations, while rs79071878 genotypes were associated with cancer risk in Caucasian populations (21). However, these IL-4 promoter SNPs have never been examined for their contribution to breast cancer among Taiwanese women. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the contribution of these most commonly investigated IL-4 promoter SNPs, the T-1099G (rs2243248), C-589T (rs2243250), and C-33T (rs2070874) genotypes, to the risk of breast cancer among Taiwanese women.
Materials and Methods
The study population of breast cancer cases and healthy control subjects. The current study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of China Medical University Hospital (DMR99-IRB-108). Briefly, a total of 2464 subjects were recruited, including 1,232 female patients diagnosed with breast cancer and exactly the same number of age-matched healthy individuals visiting the China Medical University Hospital, one of the national medical centers in central Taiwan (22-24). The exclusion criteria for recruiting the healthy controls included any metastatic cancer of any origin, any previous malignancy, and any hereditary or genetic disease. Each participant had been carefully oriented to complete a self-administered questionnaire before donating 3 to 5 ml of peripheral blood. The questionnaire included questions on the personal medical history and several habits such as alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking. These factors were recorded and are concisely summarized in Table I. The informed consents of all enrolled persons were collected and kept in the tissue-bank at our hospital.
Methodology for IL-4 promoter polymorphic genotyping. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leucocytes using the QIAamp Blood Mini Kit (Blossom, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC) and further processed by polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism methodology according to our previous publications (25-27). The routine PCR cycling conditions were set as: one cycle at 94°C for 5 min; 35 cycles of 94°C for 30 sec, 55°C for 30 sec, and 72°C for 30 sec; and a final extension at 72°C for 10 min. The sequences of the primers for IL-4 rs2243248 were: forward 5’-GGTCCTTACGTTCACTGCTG-3’ and reverse 5’-GGCTCAAGTGCTCCTCCTAC-3’. The sequences of the primers for IL-4 2243250 were: forward 5’-TAAACTTGGGAGAACATGGT-3’ and reverse 5’-TGGGGAAAGATAGAGTAATA-3’. The sequences of the primers for IL-4 rs2070874 were: forward 5’-CTGGAAGAGAGGTGCTGATT-3’ and reverse 5’-ACTCACCTTCTGCTCTGTGA-3’. The PCR products for IL-4 rs2243248, rs2243250 and rs2070874 genotyping were digested with SfcI, AvaII and BsmAI, respectively. The products of the digestions were analyzed in a 3% agarose gel electrophoresis under 100 volt for 30 min and photographed for identification of the genotype. All the genotypic processing was performed independently and blindly by two researchers, whose results were 100% concordant to each other. The success rate of the PCR-RFLP procedure was 100%.
Distributions of interleukin-4 (IL-4) genotypic frequencies among 1232 breast cancer cases and 1232 healthy controls in Taiwan.
Statistical methodology for IL-4 promoter polymorphic genotyping. To ensure that the control subjects were representative of the Taiwanese population and to exclude genotyping errors, the fitness of the genotypic frequencies of IL-4 genotypes for the examined polymorphic sites in the healthy control group was evaluated with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium via the goodness-of-fit analysis. In addition, the Pearson's chi-square statistical methodology was adopted to examine the distributions of IL-4 polymorphic genotypes between the subgroups. The associations between each IL-4 genotype and cancer risk were estimated via the calculated outcomes of odds ratios (ORs) together with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) via unconditional logistic regression before and after the adjustments for age, smoking and alcohol drinking habits.
Allele frequencies of interleukin-4 (IL-4) among 1232 breast cancer cases and 1232 healthy controls in Taiwan.
Results
The distributions of frequencies of the demographic characteristics for the breast cancer patients and healthy controls are shown in Table I. There was no statistical difference between the case and control groups regarding age, age at menarche, age at birth of first child, or age at menopause (p>0.05). Regarding personal habits, it was shown that higher percentages of breast cancer patients (13.8 and 13.1%) than the healthy controls (7.0 and 7.4%) are cigarette smokers and alcohol drinkers (both p<0.0001) (Table I).
The IL-4 T-1099G (rs2243248), C-589T (rs2243250), and C-33T (rs2070874) genotypic distributions among the breast cancer cases and controls are shown in Table II. First, there was no association between the genotype of rs2243248, rs2243250 or rs2070874 and breast cancer susceptibility in Taiwanese women (all p for trend and p-values are larger than 0.05) (Table II). Even after adjusting the confounding factors including age, smoking and alcohol drinking habits, the heterozygous and homozygous genotypes at rs2243248, rs2243250 or rs2070874 still do not associate with increased breast cancer risk (Table II).
To confirm these findings based on the genotypic frequency distribution in Table II, the allelic frequency distribution for the three IL-4 promoter SNPs was also conducted and the results are shown in Table III. In support, none of the genotypes at IL-4 rs2243248, rs2243250 and rs2070874 was associated with breast cancer risk, none of the variant alleles at IL-4 rs2243248, rs2243250 or rs2070874 was significantly associated with breast cancer risk (all p-values were larger than 0.05).
Overall, all the findings presented in Tables II and III support the temporary conclusion that none of the IL-4 rs2243248, rs2243250 or rs2070874 genotypes can serve as a predictor for breast cancer.
Discussion
Chronic inflammation observed during carcinogenesis is exerted and regulated by a complicated network of chemokines, sex hormones (such as prostaglandins and estrogens), and cytokines (28). Among the cytokines, IL-4 has been associated with the etiology for various types of cancer. It has been shown that elevated levels of IL-4 in the plasma were closely associated with the risk for melanoma, head and neck squamous carcinoma, prostate, colon, renal cell, small cell lung cancer, acute myeloid leukemia and most of all, breast cancer (29-31). However, there is also a study reporting that serum levels of IL-4 in breast cancer are decreased (32). These conflicting evidence shows that IL-4 may be a double-edged sword in breast cancer and may be arbitrary to predict breast cancer risk from simply the expression levels of serum IL-4. Several IL-4 SNPs have been associated with the risk for several types of cancer, such as bladder cancer (33), gastric cancer (34), glioblastoma (35), and pancreatic cancer (36). In the current study, the contribution of three SNPs at the promoter region of IL-4 (T-1099G, C-589T and C-33T) to breast cancer risk was evaluated in a large and representative Taiwanese population consisting of 1232 breast cancer patients and 1232 healthy controls. The results showed no obvious differential distribution of the genotypes of IL-4 promoter T-1099G (rs2243248), C-589T (rs2243250) or C-33T (rs2070874) (Tables II and III). According to previous studies, the CT and CC genotypes at IL-4 rs2243250 are associated with a decreased expression of IL-4 (37, 38), and the allele C at IL-4 rs2243250 is also associated with a lower expression of IL-4 (39, 40). All the above evidence showed that the C allele at IL-4 rs2243250 may be responsible for the regulation of IL-10 mRNA and protein expression. Although we did not find a positive association of rs2243250 or of the other two polymorphisms with breast cancer risk, we could not exclude the possibility that other SNPs in IL-4 may contribute to the etiology and progression of breast cancer.
Breast cancer is not a gender-specific cancer since few men are afflicted by this disease, but it is a smoking-related cancer. In the current study, all the participants were women. Furthermore, our results showed that the genotypic distribution of the variant genotypes of IL-4 rs2243248, rs2243250 or rs2070874 were not significantly different between breast cancer and control groups who were ever-smokers or non-smokers (data not shown). In 2007, Cesar-Neto and his colleagues reported that smoking behavior decreased the levels of TNF-α, MMP-8, IL-1α, IL-8, IL-10 and osteoprotegerin in periodontitis tissues, but not that of IL-4 (41). To date, there is no solid evidence from any cell or animal model indicating that a change in the levels of IL-4 expression plays a critical role in breast cancer initiation or progression. We also found that there was no interaction between the IL-4 genotype and alcohol drinking status among the participants (data not shown). In conclusion, the three IL-4 promoter polymorphic sites were not found to contribute to breast cancer risk determination.
Acknowledgements
The Authors appreciate Tissue-bank of China Medical University Hospital for their long-term technical assistance and all the participants, doctors, nurses and colleagues. The technical help from Yu-Ting Chin, Tai-Lin Huang, Yu-Hsin Lin and Yi-Ru Huang is respected by all the Authors. This study was supported mainly by China Medical University Hospital to Dr. Chu (DMR-109-054).
Footnotes
Authors' Contributions
Research design: Chu CN, Tsai CW, Yu CC; patient and questionnaire summaries: Liu LC, Lin CC; experimental work: Wang YC, Chang WS, Wang ZH; statistical analysis: Wang SC, Liu TY, Chang JG; manuscript writing: Tsai CW, Bau DT; review & revision: Tsai CW, Yu CC, Bau DT.
This article is freely accessible online.
Conflicts of Interest
The Authors declare no conflict of interest in regard to this study.
- Received January 31, 2020.
- Revision received February 25, 2020.
- Accepted February 26, 2020.
- Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by the International Institute of Anticancer Research.
