Abstract
Background/Aim: Several immunoinflammatory and nutritional measures have been reported to be good prognostic indicators for esophageal cancer (EC). However, the association between those markers and the postoperative survival of EC patients remains unclear due to varying study designs and treatment strategies. The aim of this study was to compare the significance of preoperative immunoinflammatory and nutritional measures in patients with EC. Patients and Methods: One hundred and five patients with EC who underwent McKeown esophagectomy with gastric tube reconstruction without neoadjuvant therapy between 2006 and 2014 were included in this study. The prognostic values of preoperative modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS), controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score, prognostic nutritional index (PNI), C-reactive protein (CRP)-to-albumin ratio (CAR), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were investigated using univariate and multivariate survival analyses. Results: Multivariate analysis revealed that CAR and pathological stage are independent prognostic factors for overall survival (OS). CAR was significantly associated with more advanced pathological stage as both a subject and a continuous variable. Conclusion: Preoperative CAR was an independent prognostic factor for the OS of EC patients who underwent McKeown esophagectomy. The tumor-stage related increase in CAR demonstrated that a high CAR is associated with tumor progression in EC patients.
Systemic inflammation and malnutrition have received increasing attention in many malignancies because they are reported to be associated with a poor prognosis. To date, several immunoinflammatory and nutritional measures have been reported to be good prognostic indicators for esophageal cancer (EC). The modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS), an inflammation-based prognostic score consisting of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and albumin, has been reported as an independent prognostic factor in early EC patients (1). The controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score, consisting of serum albumin, cholesterol, and total lymphocyte count, has been reported to be associated with the survival of EC patients undergoing surgery (2). The prognostic nutritional index (PNI) is calculated using serum albumin levels and the total lymphocyte count, and has been reported to be correlated with the incidence of postoperative complications and prognosis of patients with EC (3). The C-reactive protein (CRP)-to-albumin ratio (CAR) has been found to have prognostic value in EC patients (4-7). A high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been reported to be associated with poor overall survival (OS) and it may be a significant predictive biomarker in EC patients (8). A high platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) has also been demonstrated to be a significant predictor of OS in EC patients (9). However, the association between these markers and the postoperative survival of EC patients remains unclear due to varying study designs, such as sample size and eligibility criteria, and treatment strategies, such as with or without neoadjuvant therapy and surgical procedure. We hypothesized that the association between these markers and EC survival will be clearer when the heterogeneity concerning the patient background and the timing of sample collection is minimal. To investigate this hypothesis, we examined the prognostic value of mGPS, CONUT, PNI, CAR, NLR, and PLR in EC patients who underwent McKeown esophagectomy with gastric tube reconstruction without neoadjuvant therapy.
Flowchart showing patient recruitment.
Patients and Methods
Patients. This retrospective study was approved by the ethics committee of the Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University (Protocol number: HS2019-025). Informed consent was obtained in the form of opt-out on the web-site. The criterion for inclusion was thoracic EC patients who underwent radical McKeown esophagectomy with gastric tube reconstruction between 2006 and 2014 at our institute. Patients were excluded from this study if they had: i) an active infection, ii) had received maintenance hemodialysis, iii) had undergone preoperative therapy, or iv) had no data of neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet, CRP, albumin, or cholesterol measurements in peripheral blood within one month before surgery. Hospital patient records were reviewed for tumor characteristics and patient outcomes. The tumor stage and disease grade were classified according to the 7th edition of the TNM classification of the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) (10). The tumor stage was determined conventionally using computed tomography (CT) of the neck, chest, and abdomen, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), endoscopy, and esophagography. Follow-up was generally performed at 3- to 4-month intervals within the first two years after surgery and every six months up to five years.
Measurement of prognostic scores. The mGPS was constructed as below. Patients with both a high C-reactive protein level (>10 mg/l) and hypoalbuminemia (<35 g/l) were allocated a score of 2. Patients with only a high C-reactive protein level (>10 mg/l) were allocated a score of 1. Patients without a high C-reactive protein level were allocated a score of 0 (11). CONUT scores were calculated based on serum albumin levels, absolute lymphocyte count, and cholesterol levels (12), summarized as follows: i) albumin concentration at ≥3.5, 3.0-3.49, 2.5-2.99, and <2.5 g/dl was scored as 0, 2, 4, and 6 points, respectively, ii) total lymphocyte count at ≥1600, 1200-1599, 800-1199, and <800/mm3 was scored as 0, 1, 2, and 3 points, respectively, iii) total cholesterol concentration at ≥180, 140-179, 100-139, and <100 mg/dl was scored as 0, 1, 2, and 3 points, respectively (13). The CONUT score was defined based on the total scores for these points. PNI was calculated as 10×the serum albumin level (g/dl)+0.005 × the absolute lymphocyte count (14).CAR was calculated as the ratio of serum CRP (mg/dl) to serum albumin (g/dl) (15). NLR was calculated as the absolute neutrophil count divided by the absolute lymphocyte count (4). PLR was calculated as the absolute platelet count divided by the absolute lymphocyte count (4).
Statistical analysis. Subject characteristics were compared using chi-squared tests for categorical variables and the Student's t-test for continuous variables. A correlation analysis was performed using Spearman's rank coefficients. The Jonckheere-Terpstra test was used for trend analysis. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were carried out using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Kaplan-Meier curves were generated for OS, and significance was assessed using the log-rank test. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were generated, and areas under the curve (AUC) were used to evaluate the discriminatory ability of the CONUT score, PNI, CAR, NLR, and PLR to predict OS. A probability value of p<0.05 was considered significant. All analyses were performed using the R version 2.13.0 (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) statistical software.
Patient characteristics.
Results
Patient characteristics. The flowchart presented in Figure 1 outlines this study. In total, 177 patients were assessed for eligibility to be included in the study. Subsequently, seventy-two patients were excluded. One patient was excluded for receiving maintenance hemodialysis, 33 patients for undergoing preoperative therapy, 38 patients for having no data of neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet, CRP, albumin, or cholesterol measurements in peripheral blood within one month before surgery. The remaining 105 patients were included in this study. Their baseline characteristics are summarized in Table I.
Univariate and multivariate analyses for overall survival.
Cut-off value of prognostic scores. The best cut-off value of the CONUT score, PNI, CAR, NLR, and PLR for OS based on ROC curves were score 4 [AUC 0.501 (95% confidence interval (CI)=0.384-0.619)], 40.2 [AUC 0.535 (95%CI=0.410-0.659)], 0.026 [AUC 0.713 (95%CI=0.609=0.818)], 1.594 [AUC 0.499 (95%CI=0.365-0.633)], and 164.6 [AUC 0.575 (95%CI=0.451-0.699)], respectively. Concerning mGPS, as the majority of patients (86.7%) had a score of 0, we set the cut-off value as score 1.
Survival analysis. Univariate analysis revealed CAR and pathological stage to be significant prognostic factors for OS. Multivariate analysis demonstrated CAR and pathological stage to be independent prognostic factors for OS (Table II). The OS rate was significantly lower for patients with CAR ≥0.026 compared to those with CAR<0.026 (p<0.001; Figure 2).
Kaplan-Meier curves for overall survival according to CAR. CAR: C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio.
Relationship between CAR and clinicopathological variables. The relationships between CAR and clinicopathological variables are shown in Table III. CAR ≥0.026 was associated with more advanced pathological TNM stage (p=0.001). CAR as a continuous variable tended to increase as the TNM stage progressed (p for trends=0.005) (Figure 3).
Discussion
The most important finding of the present study is that the preoperative CAR was associated with a poor prognosis and an independent prognostic factor for the OS of EC patients who underwent McKeown esophagectomy with gastric tube reconstruction without neoadjuvant therapy. We also confirmed the tumor-stage related increase in CAR as both a subject as well as a continuous variable. This suggested that this association was independent of the cut-off value, and that a high CAR is associated with tumor progression in EC patients.
Patient characteristics by CAR.
We found CAR to be an independent prognostic factor for the OS of EC patients who underwent surgery, which is consistent with previous reports (4, 5). These findings suggest that CAR can identify the subgroup of patients who can be at risk of poor prognosis when undergoing surgical resection independently of pathological staging.
Association between CAR and pathological stage. CAR: C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio.
Hepatocytes produce CRP as a systemic response to IL-6 released from leukocytes within the tumor microenvironment (16). IL-6 promotes inflammatory cytokine production, tumor angiogenesis, and tumor growth in esophageal cancer cell lines (17). CRP significantly increases in cancer patients with higher serum levels of IL-6 (18), which in turn are also correlated with lower serum levels of albumin in EC patients (18). Furthermore, CRP has been reported to correlate with the depth of invasion, the degree of lymph node metastasis, and the presence of distant metastasis (19). The above associations among CRP, IL-6, and albumin are possible explanations for the malignant potential of the tumors with a high CAR.
In our study, mGPS, CONUT score, PNI, NLR, and PLR were not independent prognostic factors. Regarding mGPS and CONUT, the majority of patients had an mGPS of score 0 (86.7%) and a normal to mild nutritional status (CONUT score 0-4) (97.1%). Thus, patients with abnormal mGPS and CONUT values were the minority in our cohort, and it was not possible to distinguish the survival difference of patients in our study based on these values. Furthermore, based on the CONUT score, most of the patients had no severe malnutrition in our study, explaining why a cohort of our patients with a poorer prognosis was unable to be identified using PNI.
A high CRP level is known to be a response to secondary tumor necrosis and damage (16). Systemic chemotherapy or radiation has been reported to significantly impact systemic inflammation (20, 21). Therefore, measurement of inflammation-based prognostic parameters in patients receiving neoadjuvant treatments may not accurately reflect the baseline impact of systemic inflammation on survival. In EC cancer, changes during chemotherapy in the mGPS, which consists of albumin and CRP, have been reported to affect the prognosis of patients (22). The preoperative treatment has a unignorable impact on the prognosis, and precise pathological staging in the resected specimens was vital for the investigation of prognostic factors. In this context, our study, focusing on patients who underwent the same surgical procedure (McKeown esophagectomy with gastric tube reconstruction) without preoperative therapy, evaluated the prognostic significance of CAR in EC patients more precisely. On the other hand, this study had several limitations. First, this was a retrospective single-institution analysis. Second, the cut-off values of the CONUT score, PNI, CAR, NLR, and PLR may have been biased because they were selected using ROC curves.
In conclusion, preoperative CAR was associated with a poor prognosis and was an independent prognostic factor for the OS of EC patients who underwent McKeown esophagectomy with gastric tube reconstruction without neoadjuvant therapy. The tumor-stage related increase in CAR as both a subject and a continuous variable suggests that a high CAR is associated with tumor progression in EC patients.
Footnotes
Authors' Contributions
Study conception and design was performed by MS; acquisition of data by HS, YU, NN, KK, KH; analysis and interpretation of data was done by MS, MSo, AS, KO, TY; drafting of the manuscript by MS; critical revision by KS and HS. All Authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
This article is freely accessible online.
Conflicts of Interest
The Authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
- Received October 22, 2019.
- Revision received November 29, 2019.
- Accepted December 2, 2019.
- Copyright© 2020, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved
In this issue
Jump to section
Related Articles
Cited By...
- Fibrin/fibrinogen Degradation Products Are Associated With Tumor Stage and Prognosis in Patients Undergoing Resection of Esophageal Cancer
- Combining Preoperative Immunoinflammatory Scores and 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron-emission Tomography Predicts Beneficiaries of Salvage Esophagectomy
- Systematic Review on the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) Score in Patients Undergoing Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer
- Preoperative C-Reactive Protein/Albumin Ratio as a Predictive Factor for Gallbladder Carcinoma