Abstract
Herein, we report a case of immunoglobulin A vasculitis (IgAV) onset in an elderly patient. A 61-year-old male presented to our hospital with palpable purpura on his right leg and abdomen and diffuse abdominal pain. Computed tomography revealed thickened intestinal wall and ascites. In addition, his serum IgA and urinary protein levels were elevated. The histopathological finding of palpable purpura indicated vasculitis, and he was diagnosed with IgAV. Accordingly, steroid therapy was initiated. Gradually, purpura and abdominal pain disappeared, and he was discharged on day 26 after admission. Although IgAV is common in children, only few cases have been reported in elderly. Thus, when examining patients, including elderly, with palpable purpura and abdominal pain, the possibility of IgAV should be considered.
Case Report
A 61-year-old male with facial paralysis was referred to a dermatology clinic for palpable purpura on the right leg and abdominal pain. He was diagnosed with vasculitis and was prescribed haemostatic and intestinal regulators; however, his symptoms persisted. Subsequently, he visited our hospital after 10 days of purpura onset.
On admission, his blood pressure was 161/100 mmHg, pulse rate was 90 bpm, body temperature was 36.8°C and oxygen saturation in room air was 98%. Physical examination revealed palpable purpura on his right leg and abdomen and diffuse abdominal pain without any sign of peritoneal irritation (Figure 1). Abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed thickening of the duodenal, jejunal and ileal wall and pelvic ascites (Figure 2). In addition, serum immunoglobulin A (IgA), serum complement 3 (C3) and urinary protein levels were 434 (reference: 110-410) mg/dl, 137 (reference: 80-140) mg/dl and 264 mg/day, respectively. Histopathologically, purpura on the leg exhibited perivascular neutrophilic infiltration in the top layer of the dermis, elevated nuclear–cytoplasmic ratio in the vascular endothelial cells and fibrinoid degeneration of the vessel wall (Figure 3). Based on these findings, he was diagnosed with IgA vasculitis (IgAV). Accordingly, he was immediately administered prednisolone sodium succinate (PSL); 1 mg/kg/day for a week intravenously. After 3 days, both the purpura and abdominal pain disappeared. A follow-up CT scan obtained on hospital day 7 revealed neither intestinal wall thickness nor ascites. Moreover, gastro endoscopy (hospital day 7) and colonic endoscopy (hospital day 9) revealed no significant findings. Thus, the PSL dose was gradually reduced by 10% a week. The patient initiated oral intake on day 11 and discharged on hospital day 26 without any symptoms. Five months after the onset, the patient was doing well without sequelae.
Discussion
IgAV, also known as Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP), is an immune complex small-vessel vasculitis. In patients of IgAV, the immune complexes of IgA and C3 are deposited in capillaries, venules and arterioles (1). Although IgAV is common in children, only few cases have been reported in adults (3.4-14.3 cases per million) (2). Moreover, most adult patients diagnosed with IgAV exhibit symptoms similar to those exhibited by children with complete recovery from the disease (3).
Based on The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria, four criteria have been identified for IgAV: age ≤20 years at disease onset; palpable purpura; acute abdominal pain and biopsy revealing granulocytes in the walls of small arterioles or venules. The presence of more than two of these criteria distinguishes IgAV from other forms of vasculitis, with a sensitivity of 87.1% and a specificity of 87.7% (4). In addition, the European League Against Rheumatism also put forward the criteria in 2006. While the mandatory criterion was purpura or petechiae with lower limb predominance, the secondary criterion was the presence of one of the following symptoms: diffuse abdominal pain with acute onset; histopathology showing leukocytoclastic vasculitis or proliferative glomerulonephritis with predominant IgA deposits, arthritis or acute-onset arthralgia and renal involvement in the form of proteinuria or haematuria (5).
Palpable purpura on the right leg and abdomen of the patient.
Abdominal computed tomography reveals thickening of the duodenal, jejunal and ileal wall and pelvic ascites.
Approximately 1% of all patients with HSP develop chronic kidney disease, with adults developing this more often than children (6). The current clinical practice guidelines and observational studies propose that patients with IgA nephropathy with urine protein-to-creatinine ratio of >1 face a moderate-to-high risk of progressive kidney function loss (7, 8).
Although resting is the most common treatment of IgAV, hospitalisation and steroid therapy should be considered in cases with severe abdominal pain or severe renal insufficiency (1). Reportedly, rituximab can decrease the number of hospital admissions and the burden of oral steroid therapy in adult-onset IgAV (9). Moreover, cyclosporine and factor XIII replacement are effective alternatives for treating IgAV (10).
In the present report, the patient was referred to our hospital with abdominal pain, palpable purpura with vasculitis and proteinuria. He was diagnosed with IgAV based on The American College of Rheumatology and European League Against Rheumatism criteria. As he exhibited symptoms different from those exhibited by children with IgAV, the case was considered to be rare. Initiating PSL treatment drastically improved his symptoms, and he has been doing well 5 months after the onset, with no sequelae.
Perivascular neutrophilic infiltration in the top layer of the dermis, elevated nuclear–cytoplasmic ratio in vascular endothelial cells and fibrinoid degeneration of the vessel wall.
In conclusion, this report highlights that when examining elderly patients with palpable purpura and abdominal pain, the possibility of IgAV should be considered. To the best of our knowledge, limited reports exist on IgAV onset in the elderly. Therefore, this report could be critical to the accumulation of such cases.
Footnotes
Authors' Contributions
KO acquired, analyzed, and interpreted the patient's clinical course and was a major contributor to the drafting of the manuscript. NO conceived, designed and critically revised the article. YF, YL, ML, MW and TA collected the clinical data from the patient and critically revised the article. MM supervised the study. All Authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This article is freely accessible online.
Conflicts of Interest
The Authors have no conflicts of interest to declare regarding this study.
- Received March 8, 2019.
- Revision received April 22, 2019.
- Accepted April 23, 2019.
- Copyright© 2019, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved
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