Abstract
Background: Malignant melanoma of the lower genital tract is a rare disease known to have a poor prognosis. Because of the high rate of distant metastasis and unsatisfactory survival benefit, a more conservative treatment approach, instead of extensive surgery, may be warranted. Gynecological melanoma is a radioresistant tumor, an ideal disease to test the biological efficacy of carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT). Aim: To report our preliminary experience with CIRT in the treatment of gynecological melanoma at the National Center of Oncological Hadrontherapy (CNAO). Patients and Methods: Between January 2016 and February 2017, four patients were admitted for CIRT at CNAO. A case of cervical melanoma was treated with palliative aim because of large volume macroscopic disease, while three cases of vaginal melanoma were irradiated with a total dose of 68.8 Gy (relative biological effectiveness) in 16 fractions delivered over 4 weeks (4 days a week). Results: The age of women ranged between 49 and 72 (median=60.5 years) years. Treatment was well tolerated in all patients and all women completed the scheduled treatment course. During CIRT, toxicity was mild. For patients with vaginal disease, local control was 10.23 and 12.6 months, while that for cervical malignant melanoma was 7.3 months. All patients experienced systemic progression, with median distant metastasis-free survival of 11.7 months. The median overall survival for the whole patient group was 11.41 months. Conclusion: In our first experiences, CIRT appears to be a safe non-invasive option for malignant melanoma of the lower genital tract, but more data and longer follow-up are necessary in order to evaluate the effectiveness and late effects.
Melanomas of the female lower genital tract are a rare and aggressive variety of malignant mucosal melanoma (MMM). Of all gynecological MMM, 95% arise in the vulva, 3% originate within the vagina, and it is much rarer in the cervix. Analysis of literature reported an annual age-adjusted incidence ranging from 0.87 to 1.90 per 1,000,000, greater in non-Hispanic Whites and lower in Black women (1).
The clinical outcome is very poor due to frequent distant metastases with an estimated 5-year survival of 10%, 13-32.3% and 37-50% for cervical, vaginal and vulvar MMM respectively (1).
The main prognostic factors are tumor size, tumor stage, nodal status and, for vulvar MMM the Breslow's thickness (2-7).
Due to their rarity and poor overall survival, there is no evidence-based management for gynecological MMM and the treatment strategy, as recommended by the Gynecologic Cancer InterGroup (8), is extrapolated from the data for cutaneous melanoma, even though medical therapy should consider the distinct genetic profile and mutational burden of melanoma at this particular site (9, 10).
Surgery is the standard treatment when feasible and the procedure may range from a radical to a more conservative approach. Due to the high rate of distant metastasis and unsatisfactory survival benefit, more conservative treatment approaches, instead of extensive surgery, may be warranted. Melanomas are resistant to conventional radiotherapy but, due to their biological and physical advantages, therapy with charged particles may represent an interesting treatment option. In the Japanese clinical trial of radical carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) for gynecological melanoma, the 3-year local control (LC) rate was promising (49.9%) with mild morbidity (11).
We report our preliminary experience with CIRT for treatment of gynecological melanoma at the National Center of Oncological Hadrontherapy (CNAO).
Patients and Methods
Between January 2016 and February 2017, three patients with vaginal MMM and one with cervical MMM were admitted for CIRT at CNAO. All patients underwent staging with a total body computed tomographic (CT) scan and a pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). All patients were treated with synchrotron-based scanning carbon ion beams (pencil beam scanning and spill-by-spill active energy variation). Details on CNAO particle delivery system have been previously reported (12, 13).
Each patient was immobilized in the supine position with a custom body thermoplastic mask. A set of CT images of 2 mm thickness was acquired for treatment planning. Contrast-enhanced MRI was performed for precise gross tumor volume (GTV) identification. MRI scans were performed in the treatment position and with immobilization devices, using dedicated protocols. MRI scans were rigidly registered to planning CT.
Prescription doses and fractionation scheme were based on the National Institute of Radiological Sciences (Chiba, Japan) experience translated according to the dose conversion approach described in Fossati et al. (14) and Molinelli et al. (15).
The CE-marked Syngo RT Planning treatment planning system (Siemens AG Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany), version C13, was used for plan optimization and calculation of relative biological effectiveness (RBE)-weighted dose distributions according to the Local Effect Model (LEM) version I, with the following parameters: αγ=0.1 Gy−1, βγ=0.05 Gy−2, Dt=30 Gy, nuclear radius=5 μm (16).
Intensity-modulated particle therapy was employed as plan optimization strategy (17, 18). Once approved, each plan was checked by a medical physicist according to our institutional protocol for patient-specific pre-treatment dosimetric verification (19). Patient set-up was verified at each treatment session by means of two independent custom verification systems, namely an infrared optical tracking system and a stereoscopic x-ray verification device (20). Six-degrees of freedom set-up correction vector was calculated and remotely applied to the treatment table.
As regards vaginal MMM, the clinical target volume (CTV) 1 was defined as the inguinal lymph nodes and the small pelvis (internal iliac, external iliac, obturator lymph nodes) including the GTV with a minimum margin of 5 mm, which was irradiated with 38.7 Gy RBE in nine fractions. CTV2, was equal to the GTV with a minimum margin of 5 mm and was irradiated up to a total dose of 68.8 Gy RBE in 16 fractions (Figure 1). Limiting dose for organ at risks was 60 Gy RBE for the rectum.
The patient with cervical MMM was treated with a palliative dose of 24 Gy RBE in three fractions and, because of the large volume of macroscopic disease, the CTV was defined as the uterine cervix and corpus.
Toxicity was scored according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0 (21). Time to event data were calculated from the end of CIRT.
Results
Patient and tumor characteristics are described in Table I. The median age of women was 60.5 (range=49-72) years and the Karnofsky Performance Status was >90. All patients were wild-type for V-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF)/neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS), and tyrosine kinase C (c-KIT) mutation was identified in one vaginal MMM. No neoadjuvant or concomitant chemotherapy was administered.
Patients with vaginal MMM had no nodal metastases and the maximum tumor extension observed by imaging/gynecological bimanual evaluation was 37 mm, 12 mm and 5 mm, respectively, corresponding to GTV of 28.01 cc, 25.59 cc and 1.2 cc.
The cervical MMM invaded the bladder and rectum, showed an extension of 80×90×100 mm and a GTV of 380.96 cc.
One patient with vaginal MMM underwent CIRT for recurrent disease after surgery (after a disease-free survival of 11 months). Treatment was well tolerated and no interruption was necessary.
As regards toxicity, during and at the end of CIRT, one patient experienced grade 3 erythema and two patients grade 1 vaginitis, one woman developed grade 2 vaginitis 3 months after the end of CIRT; in evaluable patients, no late toxicity more than grade 2 was experienced.
Only one patient affected by vaginal MMM, who did not experience systemic progression, remains alive. She underwent colpectomy and hysterectomy 5.6 months after the end of CIRT for suspected local progression of disease. The pathologist described residual disease (Breslow's thickness: 0.93 mm). For the patients with vaginal MMM, LC was 10.23 and 12.6 months, and that for cervical MMM was 7.3 months. The median distant metastasis-free survival was 11.7 months and the median overall survival was 11.41 months (range=9.76-18.77 months). The patient with cervical MMM and the two patients who experienced systemic progression of vaginal MMM received chemotherapy.
Discussion
No standard treatment for gynecological MMM has been established in the literature. Surgical excision either conservative or radical remains the mainstay of treatment, even in cases of radical excision, prognosis of female genital MMM remains poor. For these reasons, a conservative local approach may be justified. Typically, melanoma is considered resistant to photon radiotherapy, but CIRT overcomes this biological resistance, reducing the oxygen enhancement ratio and diminishing both the capacity for sublethal repair and cell cycle-dependent radiosensitivity (22).
The Japanese experience in CIRT for gynecological MMM appears encouraging. In fact, after a median follow-up of 17 months, the 3-year LC and regional control rates of the 23 patients were 49.9% and 76.1% respectively and, as regards the initial tumor response, the maximum effect within 6 months was complete response in six and partial response in 17. In terms of recurrence, six patients experienced local recurrence (three in CTV and three in marginal regions), five had recurrence in regional lymph nodes and 11 in distant organs. In these patients, the acute and late toxicity was mild, with only one case of acute and late reactions in a woman who received dacarbazine with nimustine hydrochloride and vincristine sulfate and concurrent Feron. This patient had no local or regional recurrence, but had lung metastases 15 months after the completion of CIRT. The analysis of response by site showed a statistical difference in LC between the uterine cervix (0% at 1.3 years) and vagina (55.8% at 3 years) (p=0.009), and the vulva (100% at 2.5 years) (p=0.027) (11).
Patient, tumor and treatment characteristics.
Based on these promising Japanese results in the treatment of gynecological MMM and in light of the well-known biological and therapeutic advantages of carbon ions, we were prompted to use CIRT for gynecological MMM. Despite the few patients treated so far, treatment appears safe and feasible: it was well tolerated and toxicity did not affect the quality of life of patients assessed during clinical follow-up. From May 2018, another four women affected by gynecological MMM were admitted for CIRT, data on their follow-up is still ongoing.
For patients affected by gynecological MMM, due to poor clinical outcome, CIRT should be a promising alternative to other aggressive procedures and patients should be encouraged to undergo to such a clinical pathway. The use of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (nivolumab and ipilimumab) and targeted agents such as c-KIT inhibitors (imatinib), BRAF inhibitors (vemurafenib and dabrafenib) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitors (trametinib and cobimetinib) that have shown promising results in cutaneous melanoma should also be evaluated in patients with MMM of the female genital tract (1, 23). A study on CIRT concomitant with immune-checkpoint inhibitors or targeted agents would be of interest to investigate the potential correlated abscopal effect.
A case of vaginal melanoma treated with carbon ion radiotherapy. The clinical target volume (CTV) 1 (orange line) was irradiated with up to a total dose of 38.7 Gy relative biological effectiveness (RBE) in nine fractions, followed by a boost of up to a total dose of 68.8 Gy RBE to CTV2 (fuchsia line).
Conclusion
Due to its rarity, no consensus guidelines have been established for treatment of gynecological MMM, and the therapeutic approach is based on data concerning other types of gynecological cancer and cutaneous melanoma. Our preliminary data together with the Japanese data show that CIRT is a safe non-invasive option treatment for gynecological MMM, but clinical trial with a longer follow-up and larger series of patients is necessary to evaluate effectiveness and late toxicity. For this reason, we believe that a translational approach involving Gynecologic Oncologists, Medical Oncologist and Radiation Oncologists treating melanoma is desirable to improve the knowledge in the treatment of female genital tract MMM.
Footnotes
This article is freely accessible online.
Conflicts of Interest
The Authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest in regard to this study.
- Received December 14, 2018.
- Revision received December 28, 2018.
- Accepted January 7, 2019.
- Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by the International Institute of Anticancer Research.
References
In this issue
Jump to section
Related Articles
Cited By...
- Re-irradiation With Carbon Ion Radiotherapy for Pelvic Rectal Cancer Recurrences in Patients Previously Irradiated to the Pelvis
- Outcome and Toxicity of Carbon Ion Radiotherapy for Axial Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas
- Is Proton Beam Radiotherapy Worthwhile in the Management of Angiosarcoma of the Scalp?