Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Morphology and size of extracellular vesicles (EVs). An electron microscope was used to confirm the presence of the EVs before (A) and after (B) adding curcumin.
- Figure 2.
The three-dimensional Myogel spheroid assay. Spheroid diameter (solid arrow) and cell invasion (dashed arrow) were measured using the ImageJ 1.50i software.
- Figure 3.
Inhibition of HSC-3 and SCC-25 cell proliferation after 48 h of exposure to fermented lingonberry juice (FLJ), curcumin and curcumin-loaded extracellular vesicles (EVs). A colorimetric proliferation assay was used to study the effects of FLJ (A), curcumin (B) and curcumin-loaded EVs (C) on oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. PBS was used as control. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by a Bonferroni post-hoc test. All experiments were repeated independently three times and each in triplicate. Results are the means of the three replicate experiments±standard error. Significantly different at *p≤0.05, **p≤0.01, ***p≤0.001, and ****p≤0.0001.
- Figure 4.
Effects of fermented lingonberry juice (FLJ) and curcumin on the invasiveness of HSC-3 cells after 96 h of exposure. The three-dimensional tumour spheroid invasion assay was used to study the effects of FLJ (A), curcumin (C) and curcumin-loaded extracellular vesicles (E) on oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma invasion. Phosphate-buffered solution was used as control. Invasion was measured using the ImageJ software. All experiments were repeated independently three times and each in triplicate, except for FLJ, which was performed twice in triplicate. Results are the means±standard error. Statistical significance was determined by calculating the area under the curve of the invading cancer cells over time, and using one-way ANOVA followed by a Bonferroni post-hoc test. Significantly different at ***p≤0.001 and ****p≤0.0001.
- Figure 5.
Effects of fermented lingonberry juice (FLJ) and curcumin on the invasiveness of SCC-25 cells after 96 h of exposure. The three-dimensional tumour spheroid invasion assay was used to study the effects of FLJ (A), curcumin (B) and curcumin-loaded extracellular vesicles (C) on OTSCC invasion. Invasion was measured using the ImageJ software. All experiments were repeated independently three times and each in triplicate. Results are the means±standard error. Statistical significance was determined by calculating the area under the curve and using one-way ANOVA followed by a Bonferroni post-hoc test. Significantly different at *p≤0.05.
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