Abstract
The incidental finding of soft tissue masses is a challenge for the radiologist. Benign and malignant lesions can be differentiated relying on patient history, symptoms and mostly with the help of imaging. Ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) become fundamental in order to distinguish these lesions but the radiologist needs to know the main characteristics of benign soft tissue masses and sarcomas. Herein, we present a pictorial review of lesions mimicking soft tissue sarcomas features.
Pseudosarcomas are benign soft tissue mimic lesions representing a challenge for radiologists since they can erroneously be mistaken for malignancies. Every misdiagnosis may bring to an over-treatment or vice versa to an under-treatment, therefore, the knowledge of the features of the most common soft tissue mimic lesions is crucial to address patients to the correct therapeutic path.
Mimic lesions may have a neoplastic or non-neoplastic origin and we categorised them on the basis of the World Health Organisation (WHO) 2013 sarcomas classification (Table I) (1).
Every lesion may have predominant ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features that should be recognized in order to avoid a misdiagnosis. Patient history and symptoms are also crucial to distinguish these benign lesions from soft tissue sarcomas.
Neoplastic Soft Tissue-Mimicing Lesions
Ganglion and synovial cysts. These mucinous liquid-containing lesions are thought to result from chronic joint effusion and herniation of the intra-articular fluid delimited by synovial membrane (synovial cyst) or from micro-injuries that cause synovial-capsular interface reaction creating a liquid formation with pseudo-synovial membrane (ganglion cyst). The specific locations of these lesions, i.e. popliteal region for synovial cyst and wrist region for ganglion cysts, may suggest the correct diagnosis.
However, the presentation in atypical sites and an unusual radiological aspect can arise the suspect of malignancies. Synovial cysts appear as well-defined uniloculated or multiloculated lesions with anechoic content on US examination and liquid densitometry on CT scan. On MRI, they show bright signal intensity on T2 weighted images and low signal intensity on T1 weighted images with exclusive enhancement of the capsule after gadolinium injection (Figure 1) (2).
Myositis ossificans. Myositis ossificans can be defined as a benign heterotopic ossification typically occurring in large muscles of extremities in young adults, usually associated with a local trauma. It develops a “zonal” organization: a central fibroblastic proliferation focus, an intermediate area with immature osteoid matrix and a peripheral zone with mature lamellar bone. Calcifications can be seen on plain film and CT scans within 2-6 weeks; US shows a hypoechoic mass with lamellar hyperreflectivity at the periphery. On MRI, early lesions are isointense to muscle in T1 weighted images and heterogeneously hyperintense with surrounding soft tissue edema in T2 weighted images; diffuse contrast enhancement is usually seen. As the lesion develops, a peripheral low signal rim due to bone deposition appears both in T1 weighted images and T2 weighted images (Figure 2) (2, 3).
Neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions that mimic malignancies and main differential diagnoses.
Synovial chondromatosis. Primary synovial chondromatosis is a proliferative and metaplasic disorder of the synovium of joints, tendon sheaths or bursae with resultant formation of multiple intra-articular chondral nodules. It most frequently affects the knee in men in the 4th or 5th decade, followed by the hip. Secondary synovial chondromatosis is associated with joint abnormalities as result of trauma or arthritic conditions.
X-ray and CT show multiple intra-articular calcifications in 70-95% of cases; CT is more sensitive in detecting both calcifications and bone erosions.
On MRI, cartilaginous nodules appear iso-hypointense to muscle on T1 weighted images and highly hyperintense on T2 weighted images, with variable focal areas of low signal in all sequences depending on the degree of mineralization; MRI also can reveal the surrounding soft-tissue involvement (Figure 3) (4).
Hemangioma. Classified among vascular abnormalities, these benign neoplastic lesions are typical of infancy and childhood. Characterized by non-atypical endothelial cells hyperplasia and increased number of vessels with a variable fatty component interposed, their natural history consists of an early proliferative phase followed by a later regression. Head and neck are the typical locations. In US they present as highly vascularized hypo-anechogenic masses. CT shows multi-lobulated lesions iso-attenuating to muscles while on MRI they appear intermediately intense on T1-weighted images and hyper-intense on T2-weighted images because of both fat and liquid content; fat-saturated T2-weighted sequences can distinguish between the two components. After contrast injection hemangiomas present a variable early enhancement depending on the arterial high-flow component and usually a homogeneous enhancement in late phases due to the venous component (Figure 4) (5). Fluid-fluid levels due to the venous low flow component and internal septa can be present.
Elastofibroma. Elastofibromas are benign, slow-growing tumors usually occurring in women in the sixth decade or older (1).
Composed of elastic fibres, collagen bundles, fibroblasts and adipocytes, elastofibromas are typically found at the infero-medial border of the scapula between latissimus dorsi, serratus anterior and chest wall. Their genesis is probably related to friction between scapula and chest wall.
On CT elastofibromas have similar attenuation to muscles with contextual low-attenuating fatty streaks. MRI shows uncapsulated masses with alternating bands of different signal intensity. Collagen and elastic fibres appear hypo-intense in all sequences while adipose components are hyper-intense both on T1 weighted images and on T2 weighted images and hypointense on fat-saturated sequences. Heterogeneous enhancement is usually seen after gadolinium administration (Figure 5) (6, 7).
Nodular fasciitis. Nodular fasciites consist of small, benign, rapidly-growing fibrous lesions usually affecting young adults (20-40 years). Upper extremities, especially the volar aspect of the forearm, are the most frequent locations (46% of cases) (1); other less common sites are trunk, neck and lower extremities.
Synovial tendon cyst: a) Axial T2 weighted MRI scan showing a hyper-intense multi-lobulated mass of the first toe (white arrow); b) Sagittal STIR MRI scan highlighting the fluid content of the same lesion (white arrow). Synovial tendon cyst was found at histopathology.
Myositis ossificans: a) Coronal CT scan showing an inhomogeneous calcific mass (white arrow) of the left gluteus minimus; b) Coronal T2 weighted MRI scan shows an enlargement of the gluteus minimus with an inhomogeneous hyper-intense signal (white arrow) and focal areas of signal void. Myositis ossificans was proven with biopsy.
These fibrous nodules consist of proliferations of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts included in variable myxoid or fibrous stroma. According to the main component of the lesion, three pathological subtypes are defined: cellular, myxoid or fibrous. US examination reveals well-defined, solid nodes with variable echogenicity. MRI shows masses extending along fascia, whose appearance reflects the different subtypes; cellular lesions are iso-intense in T1 weighted images and hyper-intense in T2 weighted images while fibrous lesions due to their collagenous components are invariably hypo-intense. Diffuse contrast enhancement is usually seen (Figure 6) (6).
Intramuscular myxoma. Myxomas are composed of myxoid tissue containing collagen fibres and undifferentiated stellate cells; in musculoskeletal system they often have intramuscular location and can be multiple. The clinical presentation as enlarging mass, usually in 40-70 year-old women or men, may arise the suspect of malignancy. US appearance consists of well-defined inhomogeneous hypo-anechoic mass with hyperchogenic fatty rim and occasionally with the presence of the “fatty cap” (triangolariform adipose tissue at the myxoma poles). CT shows soft tissue masses with uniform attenuation in unenhanced scan; contrast enhancement is limited to septa and wall in half cases and diffuse in the whole lesion in the other half. Myxomas in MRI demonstrate a low signal on T1 weighted images and a bright and mostly homogeneous signal on T2 weighted images; the lesion is usually surrounded by an hyperintense fat ring in non-fat saturated sequences and may have a “fatty cap”, as described in the ultrasound features. Peri-lesional leakage of myxomatous tissue can be seen as bright signal in STIR sequences (Figure 7). The contrast enhancement pattern with MRI is the same described for CT (8).
Synovial chondromatosis: a) Coronal T2 weighted MRI scan showing an inhomogeneous hyper-intense lesion (white arrows) with hypo-intense spots inside compatible with calcifications; b) X-ray showing diffusely calcific mass (white arrows). Synovial chondromatosis was found at histopathology.
Hemangioma: a) Axial T2 weighted MRI scan showing a hyper-intense multi-lobulated mass of the tibialis anterior (with arrow) with multiple fluid-fluid levels; b) The same lesion (white arrow) on axial fat-saturated post-gadolinium T1 weighted MRI scan showing inhomogeneous contrast enhancement in the venous-phase and fluid-fluid levels. Later contrastographic phases demonstrated a progressive filling of the lesion (not shown). Hemangioma was found at histopathology.
Elastofibroma: a) Axial T2 weighted MRI scan showing hypo-intense subscapular formation (black arrow) between left serratus anterior muscle and chest wall, with hyper-intense lines consistent with fat tissue; b) Coronal STIR MRI image confirming the fat component of the lesion (white arrow). Elastofibroma was found at histopathology.
Schwannoma. Schwannomas are benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors growing along the nerve. They are usually eccentric, encapsulated by epineurium and composed of spindle cells and myxoid tissue sometimes with a fibrocollagenous core. Schwannomas affect mostly 20-30 year-old men and women, equally. On US examination they appear as well delimited fusiform hypoechoic masses with the long axis following the nerve course (string sign). CT scan shows inhomogeneous hypo-attenuating masses with heterogeneous diffuse or peripheral enhancement after intravenous iodine contrast injection. In T1 weighted images schwannomas appear iso/hypointense to muscles while in T2 weighted images a bright non-homogeneous signal can be detected, sometimes with a central low intensity fibrous core (target sign) or with a hyperintense fatty rim (split fat sign). Gadolinium enhancement in MRI resembles what has been described above for CT (Figure 8) (7, 8).
Nodular fasciitis: a) Coronal and b) sagittal T2 weighted MRI scan showing inhomogeneous hypo-intense nodule (white arrows) on the medial side of the plantar fascia, extended to subcutaneous tissue. Nodular fasciitis was found at histopathology.
Intramuscular myxoma: a) Axial T1 weighted MRI scan showing a hypo-intense nodule (black arrow) in the gluteus maximus muscle surrounded by a hyper-intense ring (fatty cap); b) Coronal STIR MRI scan showing the previously described lesion and another smaller nodule cranially (white arrows) both with homogeneous hyper-intense signal and peri-lesional hyper-intense offshoots (white arrowheads), consistent with leakage of myxomatous tissue. Intramuscular myxomas were found at histopathology.
Non-neoplastic Soft Tissue Mimic Lesion
Infection. Infections of joints, bones and soft tissues may provide a diagnostic challenge when presenting as a soft tissue mass, especially if accompanied by slight symptoms. Bacterial and mycobacterial abscesses usually present a necrotic core, an irregular and thick highly vascularized wall containing inflammatory cells and edema of surrounding tissues. US examination shows a hypo-anechoic core with irregular vascularized border on Color-Doppler module while, on CT scans, the central hypodense core is circumscribed by a contrast-enhanced rim. The necrotic core on MRI is hyperintense in T2 weighted images while the T1 weighted signal depends on the proteic content of the lesion. After gadolinium intravenous injection a vivid enhancement of the wall is seen (Figure 9) (2).
Intramuscular schwannoma: a) Sagittal T2 weighted MRI scan showing an inhomogeneous lesion (white arrow) in the paravertebral muscles with a low intensity fibrous core (target sign); b) Sagittal T1 weighted MRI scan of the same area showing the hyper-intense fatty rim of the lesion (split fat sign). Intramuscular schwannoma was found at histopathology.
Muscular abscess: a) Axial STIR MRI scan showing a hyper-intense lesion of the right external obturator muscle (white arrow) with surrounding edema; b) Axial T1 weighted MRI scan with fat saturation and after gadolinium injection showing the same area with a rim of peripheral contrast enhancement in venous phase (white arrow). Muscular abscess was diagnosed with needle biopsy.
Hematoma. Soft tissue hematomas can mimic malignancy especially in cases of large and growing lesions occurring without a history of trauma. They appear as soft-tissue masses containing blood and a fibrous wall can be present.
On US examination acute/subacute hematomas appear ill-defined, inhomogeneously hyperechoic while chronic collections tend to be well-defined and hypoechoic. On CT scans acute/subacute lesions are heterogeneous hyperdense masses while chronic lesions are usually hypodense with small calcifications.
Hematoma: a) Sagittal Proton Density weighted MRI scan showing an inhomogeneous hyper-intense mass (white arrow) of the posterior compartment of the right leg; b) The same lesion (white arrow) in a T1 weighted axial MRI scan with fat saturation presenting peripheral contrast enhancement. Imaging follow-up demonstrated the typical MRI progression of hematoma.
Arteriovenous malformation: a) Axial T2 weighted MRI scan showing a multi-lobulated lesion, between extensor carpi radialis muscles and brachioradialis muscle, that appears hyper-intense with flow-void inside high-flow vessels (white arrow); b) Axial T1 weighted MRI scan with fat signal suppression showing the same lesion with strong contrast enhancement of the abovementioned vessels (white arrow). Diagnosis of arteriovenous malformation was confirmed with both imaging and histopathology features.
As described above, hematomas are often inhomogeneous and MRI findings reflect that feature mainly depending on the hemoglobin breakdown phase. Acute lesions (0-2 days) usually present as heterogeneously hypointense masses in all sequences. Subacute hematomas, are hyperintese on T1 weighted images while on T2 weighted images they appear hypointense in the early subacute phase (2-7 days) and hyperintense in the late subacute phase (1-4 weeks); perilesional edema and peripheral rim enhancement may be present. Chronic hematomas (>4 weeks) usually present as hypointese masses in all sequences and often showing fluid levels due to the separation of the cellular and fluid components (Figure 10) (9, 10).
Morton's Neuroma: Axial T2 weighted MRI scan showing a fusiform lesion that appears hypo-intense compared to fat and hyper-intense compared to muscles (white arrow), located in the third inter-metatarsal space. Diagnosis of Morton's Neuroma was confirmed combining imaging and clinical features.
Arteriovenous malformation (AVM). AVMs are non-neoplastic congenital vascular malformations considered as errors in vascular development. They consist of abnormal vessels with normal endothelium, composed of feeding arteries and a nidus of draining veins, without any capillary interposed.
Classified among high-flow malformations, they may arise in whole body and they usually grow gradually without regression, becoming significant during childhood or adulthood. Although they are all present at birth, they may not be detected until later in life due to slow growth. Trauma and hormonal influence at puberty and/or pregnancy can cause a more rapid growth of these lesions, mimicking a malignant lesion. On US examination they appear as anechoic tubular structures with variable Doppler-signal. CT scan show ill-defined masses with tangled arterial and venous structures; after intravenous iodine contrast injection an early contrast enhancement can be seen both in feeding arteries and drainage veins due to shunts. This is also evident on MR imaging, which also demonstrates the nidus as a tangle of prominent vessels with signal voids on T2 weighted images in vessels lumen because of the high-flow (Figure 11) (5). Perilesional edema with associated increased vascularity is not uncommon and that should not be mistaken for a solid neoplastic mass.
Morton's neuroma. Not real neuromas, Morton's Neuromas are non-neoplastic perineural fibrosing alterations of plantar digital nerves nearby metatarsal heads in the intermetatarsal space (usually 3rd) with high collagenous content. A strong predilection for women is seen (F:M=18:1).
Morton's Neuromas are allegedly related to friction between nerve and transverse intermetatarsal ligament. US shows intermetatarsal fusiform and well-demarcated masses, generally hypo-echoic (although echotexture may vary), best appreciated after performing Mulder's test.
On MRI Morton's Neuromas appear hypo-isointense to muscles in T1 weighted images and hypo-intense to fat and hyper-intense to muscles in T2 weighted images; vivid enhancement is usually demonstrated after contrast administration. Corresponding intermetatarsal bursitis is often associated (Figure 12) (11).
Conclusion
We reviewed the most typical imaging features of soft tissue lesions mimicking malignancies that can be often encountered in daily radiologic practice. The interpretation of imaging findings however strongly requires a correlation with the clinical history and biopsy is still necessary in many cases for a final diagnosis.
Footnotes
This article is freely accessible online.
Conflicts of Interest
The Authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
- Received December 28, 2017.
- Revision received January 19, 2018.
- Accepted January 23, 2018.
- Copyright© 2018, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved
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