Abstract
Background/Aim: Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a member of the polycomb group of genes, which are key factors in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. EZH2 is overexpressed in many malignancies. We analyzed EZH2 protein expression levels in different histological subtypes of thyroid cancer to examine its utility as a prognostic factor. Materials and Methods: We examined EZH2 protein expression by immunohistochemistry in tissue samples from 67 cases of poorly differentiated (PDTC) and 48 cases of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), and in samples of adjacent normal and differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). We examined differences in expression of EZH2 among various histological types of thyroid cancer, and the relationship between EZH2 expression and patient outcome. Results: EZH2 protein was expressed in PDTC and ATC, but not in normal thyroid gland or DTC. EZH-positivity increased in the order of DTC, PDTC, and ATC (p<0.01). Higher EZH2 expression correlated with poorer survival in PDTC (p=0.004), and a similar but non-significant trend was observed in ATC (p=0.166). Multivariate analysis identified EZH2 as an independent prognostic factor similar to metastatic status in the Japanese Society of Thyroid Surgery (JSTS) classification of PDTC. Conclusion: EZH2 overexpression is associated with malignant potential in thyroid cancer, and may thus be a useful prognostic marker of aggressive thyroid cancer.
Thyroid cancer is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system, with an apparently increasing incidence associated with the widespread use of imaging studies (1, 2). The lifetime risk of thyroid cancer is approximately 1.1%, but the 5-year survival rate has risen to 97.8% because almost 70% of cases are now diagnosed at an early stage while the cancer remains localized to the thyroid gland (3). There are five main histological types of thyroid carcinoma: papillary (PTC), follicular (FTC), medullary, poorly-differentiated (PDTC), and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) (4). PTC and FTC are the most common types of thyroid cancer; these are considered as well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTCs) and have a very good prognosis. In contrast, ATC is relatively rare; it accounts for only 1-2% of all thyroid cancers and has an extremely poor prognosis (5), with 6-month and 1-year cause-specific survival rates for common-type ATC of 36% and 18% (6). PDTC is a malignant tumor showing intermediate traits between DTC and ATC. Three types of PDTC have been defined by the Japanese Society of Thyroid Surgery (JSTS) criteria, World Health Organization (WHO) classification, and Turin proposal. The 6th edition of the General Rules for the Description of Thyroid Cancer by the JSTS (7) defined PDTC as a tumor with only a small poorly differentiated compartment, showing insular, trabecular, solid, or scirrhous growth patterns, based on the proposal by Sakamoto et al. (8). The WHO definition of PTCD (4) is a tumor with insular, trabecular, or solid patterns in most of the tumor, together with an infiltrative pattern of growth, necrosis, and obvious vascular invasion. The Turin diagnostic criteria for PTCD include the presence of insular/trabecular/solid growth pattern, absence of conventional nuclear features of papillary carcinoma, and the presence of at least one of convoluted nuclei, mitotic activity ≥3×10/high-power field, or tumor necrosis (9). The prevalence decreases and the prognosis worsens in the order JSTS, WHO, Turin (10).
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a well-known histone modifier protein that functions as a methyltransferase at lysine 27 of histone H3 (11). EZH2 is a member of the polycomb group of genes (12), which is important for transcriptional regulation through chromatin remodelling, nucleosome modification, and interactions with other transcription factors. EZH2 is presumed to promote cancer progression by transcriptional repression of tumour suppressors and by maintaining cells in a stem-cell-like state (13, 14). EZH2 has been shown to be overexpressed in many types of malignancies, including prostate, bladder, breast, lung, gastric, and brain cancers and has been suggested as a candidate prognostic factor and therapeutic target (15, 16).
In thyroid cancer, high EZH2 expression levels have been detected in ATC, with no expression in normal thyroid and low expression in DTC (17). More aggressive disease, such as the occurrence of metastases in medullary thyroid carcinoma, was associated with significantly increased EZH2 gene expression, which did not correlate with the mutational statuses of the RET or RAS genes (18). However, there is currently no information on the expression of EZH2 in PDTC or on the relationship between EZH2 expression and prognosis in the different pathological types of PDTC.
This study aimed to analyze the expression levels of EZH2 protein in different histological types of thyroid cancer, correlate these expression levels with various clinicopathological factors, and examine the utility of EZH2 as a prognostic factor in patients with thyroid cancer.
Materials and Methods
Patients and samples. We retrospectively examined surgical specimens of thyroid tumors from patients who underwent surgery at Kanagawa Cancer Centre and Ito Hospital between December 1977 and March 2013. EZH2 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in tissue samples from 67 cases of PDTC (defined by the JSTS 6th edition), 48 cases of ATC, and in 30 samples of adjacent normal and differentiated thyroid carcinoma tissue which come from some of the above PDTC/ATC patients.
The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committees of the Kanagawa Cancer Centre and Ito Hospital.
Tissue microarrays. Archival hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides of the samples were retrieved and reviewed to confirm the pathological features and select suitable tissue blocks for immunohistochemistry analysis. We constructed tissue microarrays (TMAs) using PDTC, ATC, and the adjacent normal and DTC lesions. TMAs consisting of cores, each measuring 4 mm in diameter, were assembled from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks of surgical samples of primary thyroid tumors. The array included tissue cores from 68 PDTC, 48 ATC, and 30 adjacent normal and DTC tissues as a control.
Immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemical staining for EZH2 was performed in all cases. TMAs were cut into 4-μm-thick sections and mounted on pre-coated glass slides. All sections were stained with primary antibodies to EZH2 (clone D2C9, dilution 1:50; Cell Signaling Technology Inc., Danvers, MA, USA) using an autostainer (Histostainer; Nichirei Biosciences Inc., Tokyo, Japan) (19).
Immunohistochemical scoring was based on semi-quantitative assessment of the intensity of nuclear staining (graded as 0, no staining; 1+, weak; 2+, medium; and 3+, strong) and the percentage of positive cells. Positive staining was defined by strong staining (2+ or 3+) and a high percentage positivity ≥10% (Figure 1).
The immunohistochemistry results were assessed in a blinded fashion by pathologists (Y.M. and T.K.) and a thyroid surgeon (N.S.) who examined each slide independently. Unclear cases were discussed between the pathologists and thyroid surgeon.
Follow-up. Follow-up data were obtained from the Kanagawa Cancer Centre and Ito Hospital registries until December 31, 2016. Active follow-up was conducted by accessing hospital-visit records, resident registration cards, and permanent-domicile data. During the study period, four subjects (3.4%; 4/115) were lost to follow-up. Overall survival (OS) was defined as the period from the day of diagnosis of the primary lesion until the day of death. The median follow-up time was 39 months [PDTC; 59 (range=8-122 months) months, ATC; 4 (range=0-151 months) months] after diagnosis of the primary lesion.
Statistical analyses. The comparison of patient characteristics among each pathological subtype was used Mann-Whitney U-test. Positive rates of EZH2 expressions in normal and neoplastic thyroid tissues, and associations between clinicopathological factors and EZH2 expression were analysed by chi-square test. OS was analysed using the Kaplan–Meier method, and Cox proportional hazards models were applied to the multivariate analyses. Correlations between EZH2 expression and clinicopathological factors were evaluated using Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients (r). A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant for all statistical analysis. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Ethical approval. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed consent. Informed and signed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Results
Clinicopathological characteristics of all patients. The tissue samples were obtained from 67 cases of JSTS, 37 cases of WHO and 12 cases of Turin PDTC, 48 cases of ATC, and in 30 samples of adjacent normal and differentiated thyroid carcinoma tissue which come from some of the above PDTC/ATC patients. The patient characteristics are summarized in Table I. The mean ages of the study subjects were 55 years (range=19-83 years) for JSTS, 53 years (range=9-83 years) for WHO, and 58 years (range=29-72 years) for Turin PDTCs, and 68 years (range=48-90 years) for ATC. There were significant differences in age between PDTC and ATC (JSTS vs. ATC/WHO vs. ATC/Turin vs. ATC=p<0.001/p<0.001/p=0.033, respectively), but no significant differences among the three pathological types of PDTC. There were no significant differences between any of the four groups (JSTS, WHO, Turin, and ATC) in terms of sex or M status.
Representative breast tissue sections stained with EZH2 antibody. Immunohistochemical scoring was done by semi-quantitative assessment of the intensity of nuclear staining (graded as 0, no staining; 1+, weak; 2+, median; and 3+, strong) and the percentage of positive cells. Positive staining was defined by strong staining (2+ or 3+) and high percentage positivity ≥10%.
EZH2 status in each pathological type. EZH2 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry using paraffin-embedded sections of normal and carcinoma thyroid tissues. Representative images and the EZH2-positivity of each pathological type are shown in Figure 2. EZH2 protein expression was detected in 87.5% (42/48) of ATC cases, but in no normal thyroid or DTC samples. EZH2 protein expression was detected in 17.9% (12/67) of JSTS, 21.6% (8/37) of WHO, and 25.0% (3/12) of Turin PDTCs, with a significant increase in the order DTC<PDTC<ATC (p<0.01).
Associations between clinicopathological factors and EZH2 expression. The associations between clinicopathological factors and EZH2 expression are shown in Table II. EZH2 showed no significant association with any factors in JSTS and Turin criteria PDTC or ATC, but high expression of EZH2 was associated with smaller tumor diameter in WHO classification PDTC. There was no significant difference in EZH2 expression or T status between JSTS and Turin criteria PDTC.
Relationship between EZH2 expression and patient outcome. Univariate analysis showed that high EZH2 expression was a poor prognostic indicator of OS in JSTS classification PDTC compared with low EZH2 expression (hazard ratio (HR) 9.1; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6-50.1, p=0.011). However, high EZH2 expression was not a poor prognostic indicator of OS in ATC (HR 1.9; 95%CI=0.7-4.9, p=0.185) (Table III), WHO PDTC (HR 4.2; 95%CI=0.6-27.0, p=0.137), or Turin PDTC (HR 434; 95%CI=0.0-9.0×1012, p=0.616) (data not shown). High expression of EZH2 was also identified as a prognostic factor in multivariate analysis of JSTS classification PDTC (HR 9.0; 95%CI=1.5–55.4, p=0.018), while M1 status was a poor prognostic factor in univariate and multivariate analyses of JSTS PDTC. No prognostic factors were identified for the WHO and Turin PDTC classifications. T4b and M1 status were poor prognostic factors in ATC in univariate and multivariate analyses. No factors were significantly correlated with EZH2 expression in JSTS classification PDTC, whereas tumor (T) and extra thyroidal extension (Ex) were weakly correlated with EZH2 in ATC (r=0.379, p=0.008; r=0.303, p=0.037, respectively). EZH2 was an independent prognostic factor similar to M status in JSTS classification PDTC. The estimated 5-year survival rates in the low-EZH2-expression group were significantly higher compared with the high-expression group in all patients (91.3% vs. 57.1%, p=0.002, Figure 3a) and in M1 patients (83.3% vs. 40.0%, p=0.008) (Figure 3b) with JSTS PDTC.
Patient characteristics
Immunohistochemical analysis of EZH2 expression in normal and neoplastic thyroid tissues. EZH2-positivity increased in the order DTC, PDTC (JSTS, WHO, Turin), and ATC.
Kaplan–Meier survival curves for JSTS criteria PDTC with high and low EZH2 expression. The estimated 5-year survival rates in the low-expression group were significantly higher compared to the high-expression group for (a) all patients (91.3% vs. 57.1%, p=0.002) and (b) M1 patients (83.3% vs. 40.0%, p=0.008).
Associations between clinicopathological factors and EZH2 expression.
Discussion
Three types of PDTC have been defined by the JSTS 6th edition based on the proposal by Sakamoto et al., WHO classification, and Turin proposal, respectively. Ito et al. investigated the prevalence and clinical significance of these three types (10) and confirmed that the prevalence of PDTC decreased in the order JSTS, WHO, Turin (11.1%, 0.8%, 0.3%, respectively), while the prognosis worsened in the same order (10-year cause-specific survival: 94.2%, 80.0%, 60.0%, respectively). The current study confirmed these tendencies regarding the prevalence and prognosis. Although there was no significant difference among three types of PDTC, EZH2 protein expression tended to increase in the order JSTS (17.9%), WHO (21.6%), and Turin (25.0%), in contrast to the prevalence and prognosis, while EZH2-positivity increased significantly in the order DTC, PDTC, and ATC, consistent with the prognosis of thyroid cancer. The current study provides the first evidence to suggest that EZH2 expression may be an independent prognostic factor similar to metastasis, especially in JSTS PDTC.
Various possible mechanisms for EZH2 up-regulation have been revealed in different malignant tumors. The pRB–E2F pathway regulates EZH2 expression by transcriptional activation and leads to tumor cell proliferation (20). In metastatic breast cancer, endothelial growth factor receptor endocytosis was suppressed, leading to EZH2 overexpression through up-regulation of the MEK–ERK–Elk-1 pathway (21), with subsequent effects of the up-regulated EZH2 on cancer proliferation. EZH2 has also been shown to repress the expression of classic tumor suppressor genes such as CDKN2A and p53 (22) directly, and to reduce the levels of RAD51 leading to the activation of Raf1/ERK and β-catenin signalling (23). Several reports have revealed that EZH2 affects not only genetic but also epigenetic pathways. The loss of micro RNAs such as miR-26a, miR-101, and miR214 resulted in EZH2 accumulation (24-25), while down-regulation of miR-25 and miR-30d could contribute to thyroid cancer progression, leading to the development of anaplastic carcinomas targeting EZH2 mRNA (26).
Relationship between EZH2 expression and patient outcome.
Thyroid cancer is difficult to treat using conventional treatments. Some tyrosine-kinase inhibitors are currently available on the market, but new therapies are still needed. Inari et al. demonstrated a significant correlation between EZH2 expression and Ki-67 expression scores in breast cancer, suggesting that EZH2 may represent a potential therapeutic target for aggressive breast cancers exhibiting high Ki-67 expression, thus warranting further investigations. Furthermore, several EZH2 inhibitors have recently been developed and have yielded promising results in small cell lung cancer cell lines and malignant rhabdoid tumors (27).
Conclusion
EZH2-positivity increases in the order of DTC, PDTC, and ATC, and high EZH2 expression appears to be a poor prognostic indicator of OS in JSTS classification PDTC. EZH2 overexpression may be associated with the malignant potential of thyroid cancers, and may thus be a useful prognostic marker for aggressive behaviour of these cancers. EZH2 may also represent a potential therapeutic target for aggressive thyroid cancers.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by grants from the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP 26461954. The Authors would like to express their gratitude to the staff in the Departments of Pathology, Kanagawa Cancer Centre and Ito Hospital for their technical assistance and for collecting cancer tissues. The Authors would also like to thank Susan Furness, PhD, from Edanz Group (www.edanzediting.com/ac) for editing a draft of this manuscript.
Footnotes
↵* These Authors contributed equally to this study.
This article is freely accessible online.
Conflicts of Interest
The Authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
- Received November 1, 2017.
- Revision received November 21, 2017.
- Accepted November 23, 2017.
- Copyright© 2018, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved
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