Abstract
Background/Aim: Although immune checkpoint inhibitors play an important role in the therapy of lung cancer, they are associated with various immune-related adverse events and predictive factors of them are unclear. In this study, we investigated predictive factors of nivolumab-induced hypothyroidism which is one of the adverse events in patients with lung cancer. Patients and Methods: Patients with non-small-cell lung cancer who were administered nivolumab at our hospital between December 2015 and May 2016 were retrospectively enrolled. The thyroid-stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibody, and thyroglobulin antibody levels of each patient were analyzed. Results: Of the 64 patients enrolled, 5 (7.8%) developed hypothyroidism after treatment with nivolumab. The TPO and thyroglobulin antibodies were significantly positive in patients who developed primary hypothyroidism. Conclusion: TPO and thyroglobulin antibody levels at baseline may be predictive of hypothyroidism.
In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have played an important role in the therapy of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The utility of ICIs (e.g., cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4, programmed death-ligand 1, and programmed cell death protein 1 [PD-1]) for the treatment of NSCLC has been reported in many studies (1-4). Specifically, the anti-PD-1 antibody nivolumab has demonstrated superiority to docetaxel for progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with advanced NSCLC. Although the toxicity is milder than conventional chemotherapy (5), numerous immune-related adverse events have been reported as side effects of ICIs (6, 7). Thyroid dysfunction induced by nivolumab has been reported in 3-7% of patients in other studies (5, 6, 8). Even though hypothyroidism occurs as a result of immunotherapy, it is possible to continue immunotherapy with the appropriate administration of thyroid hormone (9). Since common symptoms of hypothyroidism are non-specific (e.g., loss of appetite and fatigue) (10, 11), these symptoms can be mistaken for symptoms of lung cancer. Therefore, we regularly evaluate thyroid function after administering nivolumab. However, the frequency of thyroid function tests and the patients who should be monitored for hypothyroidism have not yet been determined, because predictive factors of nivolumab-induced hypothyroidism are unknown.
In this study, we aimed to evaluate thyroid dysfunction in nivolumab-treated patients with NSCLC and to determine the predictive factors of hypothyroidism induced by nivolumab.
Patients and Methods
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (approval number: 581) of the National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center (Osaka, Japan). Research was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and Title 45, US Code of Federal Regulations, Part 46, Protection of Human Subjects.
Patients. Patients with NSCLC who were administered nivolumab at our hospital between December 2015 and May 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were excluded if their thyroid function was not measured before or after the administration of nivolumab or they fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for hypothyroidism before treatment.
Algorithm of patient selection. Five of the 64 patients enrolled in this study developed hypothyroidism.
Thyroid function. Thyroid function was retrospectively assessed until 4 months after the administration of nivolumab or until the end of thyroid function measurements. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine, and free thyroxine levels were determined using chemiluminescence immunoassay. Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin antibodies were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The reference ranges for TSH, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, TPO antibodies, and thyroglobulin antibodies were 0.27-4.20 μIU/ml, 2.6-5.1 pg/ml, 1.0-1.8 ng/dl, ≤16.0 IU/ml, and ≤28.0 IU/ml, respectively.
Diagnostic criteria for hypothyroidism. Patients with elevated TSH levels above the reference range and reduced free thyroxine levels below the reference range were diagnosed as having hypothyroidism. The severity of hypothyroidism was determined according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 4.0) (12).
Statistical analyses. All statistical analyses were conducted in JMP (version 11.0; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Patient characteristics were compared using Wilcoxon and Fisher's exact tests. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Eighty-nine patients with NSCLC were administered nivolumab. Five patients were excluded due to a lack of baseline data from thyroid function tests. Fifteen patients were excluded due to a lack of follow-up data from thyroid function tests. Four patients were excluded because they fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for hypothyroidism before treatment. One patient was treated as having hypothyroidism before the administration of nivolumab.
Of the 64 patients enrolled in this study, 5 (7.8%) developed hypothyroidism after treatment with nivolumab (Figure 1). The patient characteristics are summarised in Table I. There were 41 males and 23 females, with a median age of 68 years. A median total dosage of 6 courses was administered during the research period. Comparisons were made between patients who developed hypothyroidism and those who did not. The TPO and thyroglobulin antibodies were significantly positive in patients who developed primary hypothyroidism. Detailed information of the 5 patients who developed primary hypothyroidism is provided in Table II. The best response was progressive disease in 2 patients, stable disease in 1 patient, and a partial response in 2 patients. Three patients were treated with levothyroxine (a thyroid hormone agent). None of the patients developed hypothyroidism severe enough for treatment to be discontinued.
Discussion
In this study, we determined the utility of baseline TPO and thyroglobulin antibody levels as predictive factors of nivolumab-induced hypothyroidism in patients with NSCLC. Among the 5 patients who developed hypothyroidism, 4 were positive for TPO antibodies and 5 were positive for thyroglobulin antibodies. Differences between patients who developed hypothyroidism and those who did not suggest that hypothyroidism induced by nivolumab is related to an immunological mechanism associated with these antibodies. Similarly, Alhusseini et al. (13) reported an immunological mechanism of hypothyroidism in cancer patients treated with ICIs (anti-PD1 agents alone or in combination with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 agents). The authors reported that, during the thyroiditis phase, 50% of the patients had elevated thyroglobulin antibodies, 40% had elevated anti-thyroglobulin antibodies, and a further 40% had elevated thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin antibodies (13). Tanaka et al. (14) reported on 3 cases of nivolumab-induced hypothyroidism. One patient had elevated TPO and thyroglobulin antibodies. Another had positive TPO antibodies after treatment (14). The mechanism(s) of nivolumab-induced hypothyroidism are not fully understood. However, it has been reported that programmed death-ligand 1 and 2 are expressed in normal thyroid tissue, which suggests that nivolumab reduces the immune tolerance of normal thyroid tissue and that hypothyroidism develops via an immunological mechanism (15).
Clinical characteristics of patients with nivolumab-treated lung cancer (n=64).
Clinical characteristics of patients with nivolumab-induced hypothyroidism (n=5).
In addition to nivolumab, pembrolizumab, an anti-PD-1 antibody, is also known to induce hypothyroidism. Among 99 patients with melanoma who were treated with pembrolizumab, 17 presented with thyroid dysfunction. Thyroid auto-antibodies were elevated during thyroid dysfunction in 4 of 10 patients whose antibodies were assessed (16). Osorio et al. (17) reported that 10 of 48 pembrolizumab-treated patients who were not hypothyroid at baseline developed thyroid dysfunction. Anti-thyroid antibodies were present in 8 of 10 patients compared to 3 of 38 patients who did not develop thyroid dysfunction. Interestingly, overall survival with pembrolizumab was significantly longer in patients who developed thyroid dysfunction (17). Additionally, Tanaka et al. (14) have reported that 1 of 3 patients with melanoma who developed nivolumab-induced hypothyroidism achieved complete remission, although the relationship between tumor response and toxicity is unknown (14).
In this study, there was no significant difference in the best response between patients with and without hypothyroidism. However, a larger sample size is needed to assess the association between tumor response to ICIs and hypothyroidism. Expert opinion has suggested an algorithm of hormonal assays for monitoring immune-related endocrine disorders. In this algorithm, the evaluation of thyroid function and baseline anti-thyroid antibodies is recommended (10). Additionally, the time-to-onset of PD-1-inhibitor-induced hypothyroidism is reported to range from 0.7 weeks to 19 months and it is difficult to predict the occurrence time (18). Therefore, regular follow-up of thyroid function is also recommended. On the other hand, cases who have presented with ICI-induced thyroid dysfunction without an association with anti-thyroid antibodies have also been reported (19). Therefore, mechanisms other than immunological ones should also be considered. The treatment of hypothyroidism has been the replacement of thyroid hormone. Even in cases of asymptomatic subclinical hypothyroidism, patients with TSH levels of >10.0 mIU/l should be treated according to the guidelines and review of thyroid treatment (20-22).
There are several limitations of this study. The first is its retrospective design and the fact that there are differences in the timing of the evaluation of thyroid function in each patient. The second is that, due to the restricted evaluation period, cases may have been missed that developed hypothyroidism after the evaluation period.
In conclusion, although the mechanism(s) of nivolumab-induced hypothyroidism are not fully understood, the evaluation of TPO and thyroglobulin antibodies at baseline may be predictive of hypothyroidism in patients with NSCLC. These patients should be carefully monitored for hypothyroidism induced by nivolumab.
Acknowledgements
The Authors would like to thank Editage (www.editage.jp) for English language editing.
Footnotes
This article is freely accessible online.
Conflicts of Interest
The Authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
- Received July 18, 2017.
- Revision received August 7, 2017.
- Accepted August 8, 2017.
- Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by the International Institute of Anticancer Research.
References
In this issue
Jump to section
Related Articles
Cited By...
- Identification of conserved immune-related adverse event risk factors and clinical outcomes in a pan-immunotherapy data mart
- Identification of Conserved Immune-Related Adverse Event Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes in a Pan-Immunotherapy Data Mart
- The Impact of High-Dose Glucocorticoids on the Outcome of Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Thyroid Disorders
- Programmed cell death-1 and programmed cell death ligand-1 antibodies-induced dysthyroidism