Abstract
Background/Aim: Mounting evidence has suggested that polymorphisms in the promoters of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) genes are associated with the risk of many types of cancer, but no study has ever explored these polymorphisms as biomarkers for renal cell cancer (RCC). Recently, it was suggested that serum MMP-7 levels have both diagnostic and prognostic potential for RCC. In this study, we focused on the contribution of two functional polymorphisms in the promoter region of MMP-7 (A-181G and C-153T) to RCC. Materials and Methods: These two polymorphisms were genotyped in 92 patients with RCC and 580 controls by PRC-RFLP analysis. Results: The results showed that there is no significant association of the RCC risk with the MMP-7 A-181G genotype, even after adjusted for the possible confounding factors. The MMP-7 C-153T polymorphism was not identified among the subjects investigated. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the two MMP-7 polymorphisms A-181G and C-153T do not play a major role in determining personal susceptibility to RCC in Taiwan.
To date, there is no recommended biomarker available for the prediction of renal cell cancer (RCC). RCC has a 209,000 worldwide annual incidence which continues to rise ~2% each year (1). Many RCCs remain asymptomatic even in advanced tumor stages (1, 2) and even worse, up to 30% of patients treated by radical nephrectomy will relapse (3). Current prognostication is mainly based on histological validations that may consume great amount of manpower and time but frequently do no help in determining the therapy and medication. Therefore, molecular markers for early detection are urgently needed.
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are a family of enzymes which are in charge of the degradation of a wide spectrum of extracellular matrix and non-matrix proteins during both physiologic and pathologic states (4, 5). During carcinogenesis, MMPs can regulate the microenvironment and contribute to several critical steps in cancer development via their involvement in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, invasion, migration, metastasis, angiogenesis, and immune surveillance (6). In literature, there is mounting evidence indicating that functional polymorphisms of MMPs may contribute to inter-individual differences in susceptibility to several types of cancer (7-14).
The current study aimed at investigating the contribution of two MMP-7 promoter polymorphisms, A-181G and C-153T, to the susceptibility of RCC in Taiwan. In a promoter assay, the basal promoter activity was higher in promoter constructs harboring the combination of the two rare alleles of A-181G and C-153T (15). In literature, the A-181G genotype of MMP-7 was reported to be associated with oral, esophageal, gastric, colorectal, lung and ovarian cancers. However the role of MMP-7 genotypes has never been studied in RCC previously.
Materials and Methods
Patients and controls. The hospital-based case-control study recruited 92 RCC patients and 580 cancer-free controls matched by age and gender, while none of the participants were related to each other by any biological relationship. RCC in all subjects in the patient group was diagnosed and histopathologically confirmed by the surgeons, and no patient had a prior history of any other cancer. Also, the age- and gender-matched cancer-free controls were genetically unrelated to any of the RCC patients and had no individual history of cancer. A further exclusion criterion for the controls was symptoms suggestive of RCC, such as hematuria. Each subject in this study was required to provide 3-5 ml of venous blood after their full understanding of the project and providing their written informed consent. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of China Medical University and kindly helped with the tissue bank of China Medical University Hospital. The selected characteristics of the control and patient groups are summarized and compared in Table I.
Distributions of the frequencies of selected characteristics among the RCC cases and healthy controls.
Methodology of MMP-7 genotyping. Total genomic DNA of each participant was extracted from blood leukocytes and stored as previously described (16-18). Briefly, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cycling conditions were: one cycle at 94°C for 5 min; 35 cycles of 94°C for 30 sec, 59°C for 30 sec and 72°C for 30 sec, and a final extension at 72°C for 10 min. The PCR for MMP-7 A-181G was conducted using the forward primer 5’-TGGTACCATAATGTCCTGAATG-3’, and the reverse primer 5’-TCGTTATTGGCAGGAAGCACACAATGAATT-3’. The obtained 150bp PCR product was digested with EcoRI and resulted in two fragments of 120 and 30 bp when G allele was present, while in the presence of the A allele the 150 bp fragment remained intact. As for MMP-7 C-153T, direct sequencing PCR was conducted with the same primers as for MMP-7 A-181G.
Statistical analysis. To ensure that the controls used were representative of the general population and to exclude the possibility of a genotyping error, the deviation of the genotype frequencies of MMP-7 polymorphisms in the control subjects from those expected under the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was assessed using the goodness-of-fit test. Pearson's Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test (when the expected number in any cell was less than five) was used to compare the distribution of the MMP-7 genotypes between case and control groups. The associations between the MMP-7 polymorphisms and RCC risk were estimated by computing Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) from unconditional logistic regression analysis with the adjustment for possible confounders.
Results
Basic characteristic factors compared between the RCC case and control groups. The frequency distributions of the characteristic factors for RCC among the control and case subjects are summarized in Table I. There were no differences between the two groups regarding age, gender, smoking or alcohol drinking status, diabetes or family history of cancer (p>0.05). However, there were 66.3% of subjects with hypertension among the RCC cases and 52.1% among the controls, and the difference is statistically significant (p=0.013).
Association of MMP-7 genotypes and RCC risk. The distribution of genetic frequencies for the MMP-7 polymorphisms in the RCC cases and controls are presented and compared in Table II. First, there was no polymorphic genotype at MMP-7 C-153T found among either the cases or the controls (Table II, lower panel). Second, the ORs with adjusting those possible confounding factors (age, gender, smoking, alcohol drinking, hypertension, diabetes and family cancer history status) for the people carrying AG and GG genotypes at MMP-7 promoter A-181G were 1.13 (95% CI=0.53-2.01, p=0.6668) and 1.43 (95% CI=0.18-11.63, p=0.6698) respectively, compared to those carrying the AA wild-type genotype (Table II, upper panel). The p for trend was not significant (p=0.8375) (Table II). In the dominant model (AG plus GG versus AA), the association between MMP-7 promoter A-181G polymorphism and the risk for RCC was also not statistically significant (OR=1.19, 95% CI=0.58-2.17, p=0.6028) (Table II). To sum up, these data indicated that either A or G allele at MMP-7 A-181G may not play a critical role for determining the risk of RCC in Taiwan (Table III).
Association of MMP-7 allelic types and RCC risk. The adjusted OR for the subjects carrying the G allele at MMP-7 promoter A-181G was 1.37 (95%CI=0.69-2.05, p=0.5493), compared to those carrying the A wild-type allele (Table III). Consistent with the findings in Table II, there is no differential distribution of allelic frequencies between RCC case and control groups as for the MMP-7 promoter A-181G (Table III).
Discussion
In the literature, promoter SNPs of MMP genes have been strongly associated with the risk of several types of cancers (7-14), but currently it remains unknown whether any polymorphism in MMPs can act as a risk factor for the development of RCC. In the present study, we examined the genotypes of MMP-7 among a Taiwanese population, and assessed whether there was an association between the genotypes of MMP-7 A-181G and MMP-7 C-153T with RCC risk. The results showed that no significant association was observed in this hospital-based case-control population. Our findings suggest that these two MMP-7 genotypes may not play a critical role in mediating susceptibility to RCC.
The rational for focusing on the MMP-7 promoter polymorphisms, A-181G and C-153T, is based on the phenotypic findings which report that MMP-7 may serve as a promising serum marker for the prediction of RCC (19-21). In 2008, Sarkissian and his colleagues examined the serum levels of MMP-7 among healthy subjects, control patients and 30 RCC patients and found that MMP-7 was significantly higher in RCC patients than the other two groups (19). In the same year, Ramankulov and his colleagues reported that similar MMP-7 levels were found in controls and patients with non-metastatic RCCs, while MMP-7 serum levels were significantly elevated in metastatic RCCs. In addition, high MMP-7 levels were independently associated with shorter disease-specific survival. The authors suggested that serum MMP-7 may serve as a marker of metastasis and poor prognosis but not as a diagnostic marker (20). In 2016, Niedworok and his colleagues' findings also showed elevated serum levels in metastatic compared to non-metastatic RCC cases (19). Thus, MMP-7, in addition to carbonic anhydrase IX, VEGF, IL-6 and CRP, may serve as a promising serum marker for the detection of metastasis and prediction of poor survival for RCC, similarly to other cancers including gastric (22), colorectal (23, 24) and ovarian cancer (25).
Distributions of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) genotypic frequencies among the RCC cases and controls.
Allelic frequencies for matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) polymorphisms in the RCC and control groups.
There are several limitations in this study. First, the small number of samples used in the study may be an explanation for negative findings. Additional larger case-control studies are warranted to understand the roles of MMP-7 genotypes in the etiology of RCC. Second, we could not exclude the possibility of inherent selection bias. As a hospital-based study, our RCC cases were enrolled from our hospital and the control subjects were selected from the local community population. Thus, inherent selection bias cannot be completely excluded and population-based studies are needed. Third, the MMPs are differentially regulated and expressed according to the status of microenvironment during carcinogenesis, which is very complicated. As discussed above, the expression of MMP-7 was higher in patients with metastatic RCC, than in patients without. The phenotypic data such as the expression levels at mRNA and protein examined from the tissues of the investigated subjects are not currently available for our further analysis. The complete correlation of patient status, genotype and phenotype would be very helpful to understand the role of MMP-7 in RCC.
In conclusion, this is the first study to investigate the role of MMP-7 genotypes in RCC. Our results suggest that the promoter polymorphisms of MMP-7, A-181G and C-153T, do not significantly confer susceptibility to RCC in the Taiwan population studied. Additional studies for the genotypes of other members of MMP family and their associations with RCC risk are warranted before the contribution of MMP genotypes to RCC can be fully ascertained.
Acknowledgements
The Authors would like to thank Hsin-Ting Li and Shiou-Ting Yen for their excellent technical assistance. All the participants in this study are appreciated. This study was supported mainly by Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital to Dr. Liao (supporting number 106-A16) and partially by research grant from Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare Clinical Trial and Research Center of Excellence (MOHW106-TDU-B-212-113004). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.
Footnotes
↵* These Authors contributed equally to this study.
This article is freely accessible online.
Conflicts of Interest
The Authors declare no conflicts of interest.
- Received April 14, 2017.
- Revision received May 1, 2017.
- Accepted May 2, 2017.
- Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by the International Institute of Anticancer Research.
References
In this issue
Jump to section
Related Articles
Cited By...
- Associations of Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 Promoter Genotypes With Asthma Risk in Taiwan
- Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 Genotypes With Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Risk
- Contribution of Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 Genotypes to Endometriosis Risk in Taiwan
- Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 Genotypes With Prostate Cancer Risk
- The Contribution of Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 Promoter Genotypes to Hepatocellular Carcinoma Susceptibility
- The Association of MMP7 Promoter Polymorphisms With Gastric Cancer
- The Association of MMP7 Genotype With Pterygium
- The Association of MMP-11 Promoter Polymorphisms With Susceptibility to Lung Cancer in Taiwan
- The Contribution of MMP-7 Promoter Polymorphisms to Taiwan Lung Cancer Susceptibility
- Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 Genotypes with the Risk of Bladder Cancer
- The Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Promoter Polymorphisms with Prostate Cancer in Taiwanese Patients
- The Contribution of MMP-7 Genotypes to Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility in Taiwan
- The Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Promoter Polymorphisms with Breast Cancer
- The Role of MTHFR Genotype in Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility in Taiwan
- Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 Genotypes to the Risk of Oral Cancer in Taiwan
- The Association of MMP-8 Genotypes with Pterygium
- The Contribution of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Promoter Genotypes in Taiwan Lung Cancer Risk
- Contribution of Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 Genotypes to the Risk of Non-solid Tumor, Childhood Leukemia
- The Association of Flap Endonuclease 1 Genotypes with the Susceptibility of Endometriosis
- The Contribution of Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 Promoter Genotypes in Breast Cancer in Taiwan