Abstract
Background/Aim: Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of multifunctional proteins reported to be overexpressed in several types of cancers. However, the contribution of MMP8 genotype to oral cancer has not been elucidated. In this study, we focused on the contribution of polymorphisms in the promoter region of MMP-8 (C-799T) and two non-synonymous polymorphisms (Val436Ala and Lys460Thr) to Taiwanese oral cancer. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, MMP-8 genotype, was examined among 788 patients with oral cancer and 956 gender- and age-matched healthy controls regarding its potential to determine oral cancer risk. Results: The distributions of MMP-8 C-799T, Val436Ala and Lys460Thr genotypes were not different between the oral cancer and non-cancer control groups. We also analyzed the allelic frequency distributions and no significant difference was found. As for gene-environment interaction analysis, there was an increased risk for smokers, alcohol drinkers or betel quid chewers with variant MMP-8 C-799T or Val436Ala genotypes. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the polymorphisms at MMP-8 C-799T or Val436Ala may not play a major role in mediating personal risk of oral cancer; however, the detailed mechanisms require further investigation.
Oral cancer is the eighth most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide and has the highest male incidence density in Taiwan (1-3). There is regional variation in trends of oral cancer around the world, depending on the etiology and the risk factors involved. According to the government annual report, oral cancer is the fourth cause of cancer-related death among males in Taiwan and has been reported to be closely associated with tobacco, alcohol and betel nut consumption habits (4-7). In the past years, genomic biomarkers for oral cancer in Taiwan have been revealed (8-14) and further cellular etiological investigations and the interactions among the genetic and lifestyle factors will contribute to personalized cancer early detection and therapy.
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), also known as matrixins, are a family of calcium-dependent zinc-containing endopeptidases that play a key role in extracellular matrix homeostasis controlling the degradation of the components of connective tissue matrices (15, 16). In carcinogenesis, MMPs and their inhibitors are also related to the regulation of oral cancer invasion and metastasis (17-20). The imbalance of these MMPs and their interactions with specific inhibitors, e.g. the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), may contribute to the initiation and progression of cancer (16, 17, 21). MMP-8, originally known as neutrophil collagenase, is expressed in not only neutrophils but also epithelial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages and endothelial cells (22-24). In recent years, mounting evidence showed that MMP-8 was capable to conduct cancer- and metastasis-suppressive activities. Firstly, knockout of MMP induced a dramatic increase in the incidence of carcinogen-induced skin papillomas among a male mouse model (25). Secondly, in two cell lines derived from wild-type MDA-MB-435 cancer cells, which display high (M-4A4) or low (NM-2C5) metastatic capacities, overexpression of MMP-8 would reduce the metastatic capacity of M-4A4 cells, whereas knockdown of MMP-8 gene would enhance the metastatic capacity of NM-2C5 cells (26, 27). Thirdly, the rs11225395 C-799T single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at the MMP8 promoter region may affect the expression levels of MMP-8 and associate with early-stage disease (28). Fourthly, higher MMP8 mRNA levels in primary breast cancers are associated with reduced lymph node metastasis and with improved relapse-free and overall survival in node-negative patients (29).
As for oral cancer, high MMP-8 expression level has been reported to be protective in human tongue cancer and in a carcinogen-induced mice model (30). However, the genomic contribution of MMP-8 to oral cancer has not been elucidated. In the current study, we aimed to reveal the contributions of MMP-8 C-799T, Val436Ala and Lys460Thr genotypes to the risk of oral cancer in the Taiwanese population.
Materials and Methods
Investigated population. The current study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the China Medical University Hospital (DMR101-IRB1-306) and written-informed consent has been obtained from all the participants. Totally, seven hundred and eighty-eight patients diagnosed with oral cancer were recruited at the China Medical University Hospital in central Taiwan. All patients voluntarily participated completed a self-administered questionnaire and willingly provided 5 ml of their peripheral blood. The questionnaire administered to participants included questions on history and frequency of alcohol consumption, areca chewing and smoking habits. Self-reported alcohol consumption, areca chewing and smoking habits were evaluated and classified as categorical variables. Information on these factors was obtained as more than twice a week for years as “ever”. A total of 956 non-cancer healthy individuals as controls were selected by matching for age and gender after initial random sampling from the Health Examination Cohort of the Hospital. The male versus female ratio was 76% to 24% in each group. The mean age of the patients and the controls was 55.8 (standard deviation (SD)=9.9) and 56.6 (SD=8.7) years, respectively. More detailed demographic information is summarized in Table I.
Genotyping conditions. Genomic DNA from the peripheral blood leucocytes of each participant was prepared applying the QIAamp Blood Mini Kit (Blossom, Taipei, Taiwan) and stored at −80°C until processed as per our previous standard procedure (31-33). The sequences of primers and the restriction enzymes for MMP-8 genotyping are designed by Terry Fox Cancer Research Lab and summarized in Table II. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cycling conditions were: one cycle at 94°C for 5 min; 35 cycles of 94°C for 30 s, 57°C for 30 s and 72°C for 30 s; and a final extension at 72°C for 10 min. After amplification, PCR products were subjected to digestion by restriction endonuclease for 2 h and separation using 3% agarose gel electrophoresis. All the genotypic processing was repeated blindly by two researchers independently, with results being 100% concordant.
Statistical analyses. Student's t-test was used for the comparison of ages between the case and the control groups. Pearson's Chi-square test was used to compare the distribution of the MMP-8 genotypes among the subgroups. The associations between the MMP-8 genotypes and oral cancer risk were estimated by computing odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from logistic regression analysis. Any difference at p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The frequency distributions of demographic characters, including age, gender, personal habits and primary tumor sites for the 788 patients with oral cancer and 956 non-cancer controls, are summarized and statistically compared in Table I. There was no difference in the distributions of age and gender between the control and case groups since we have applied the frequency matching methodology in recruiting the non-cancer healthy controls (Table I). Among the investigated large individuals, it was found that betel quid chewers and smokers were of higher percentages in patients with oral cancer than in the controls (Table I). Thus, smoking and betel quid chewing may be the risk behavioral factors for oral cancer in Taiwan. Clinically, most of the primary tumors occurred in the tongue and buccal mucosa (Table I).
The distributions of the MMP-8 C-799T, Val436Ala and Lys460Thr genotypes among the non-cancer controls and the oral cancer patients are presented and statistically analyzed in Table III. First, there were no polymorphic genotype at MMP-8 Val436Ala found among either the oral cancer cases or the non-cancer controls of Taiwan. All the subjects were of TT genotype at MMP-8 Val436Ala (Table III, bottom panel). Second, the ORs with adjusting those possible confounding factors (age, gender and smoking status) for the people carrying variant CT and TT genotypes at MMP-8 promoter C-799T were 0.89 (95% CI=0.67-1.21, p=0.1060) and 0.82 (95% CI=0.61-1.30, p=0.0776), respectively, compared to those carrying the CC wild-type genotype (Table II, top panel). The p for trend was not significant (p=0.2476) (Table III). In the dominant model (CT plus TT versus CC), the association between MMP-8 promoter C-799T polymorphism and the risk for oral cancer was still not statistically significant (adjusted OR=0.84, 95% CI=0.68-1.22, p=0.0547) (Table III, upper panel). Third, a very small percentage of Taiwanese people was of AC genotype at MMP-8 Lys460Thr without any homo-variant (0.9% and 0.6% in oral cancer patient and control groups, respectively), while there was no association between MMP-8 Lys460Thr genotypes and the risk for oral cancer (adjusted OR=0.86, 95% CI=0.41-5.94, p=0.3693) (Table III, medium panel). To sum up, these data indicated that neither MMP-8 promoter C-799T nor Lys460Thr genotypes may play a major role for determining the risk of oral cancer in Taiwan (Table III).
Characteristics of the 788 patients with oral cancer and 956 controls investigated.
Summary of primer sequences, specific restriction enzymes, digestion conditions, PCR and digestion product sizes.
To confirm the findings of Table III, analysis of allelic frequency distribution for MMP-8 was also conducted, with the results being summarized in Table IV. The results showed that the adjusted OR for subjects carrying the T allele at MMP-8 promoter C-799T was 0.83 (95% CI=0.77-1.41, p=0.0776), compared to those carrying the C wild-type allele (Table IV). Supporting the findings in Table III, there is no differential distribution of allelic frequencies between oral cancer patient and non-cancer control groups regarding the MMP-8 promoter C-799T or Lys460Thr (Table IV).
Last, we examined the interactions among the genotype of MMP-8 and behavioral factors, including personal cigarette smoking, betel quid chewing and alcohol drinking habits. There was not any interaction of MMP-8 C-799T and Val436Ala genotype with cigarette smoking, betel quid chewing and alcohol drinking habits (data not shown).
Discussion
In the literature, the genotypes at promoters' SNPs of MMP genes were found to be associated with the risk of several types of cancers (8, 34-40); however, no work has examined the polymorphisms in MMP-8 as risk factors for oral cancer. In the present study, we firstly evaluated the contribution of MMP-8 C-799T, Val436Ala and Lys460Thr genotypes to oral cancer risk and their interactions with alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking and areca chewing among Taiwanese people. The results showed that neither the genotypic nor the allelic frequencies of MMP-8 C-799T, Val436Ala and Lys460Thr were differentially distributed among the patients and non-cancer healthy controls (Tables III and IV).
Distributions of matrix metalloproteinas-8 (MMP-8) genotypic frequencies among the oral cancer cases and controls.
Allelic frequencies for matrix metalloproteinas-8 (MMP-8) polymorphisms in the oral cancer and control groups.
This is the first study to reveal an interaction between MMP1 1607 genotype and cigarette smoking on the susceptibility to oral cancer. Long-term tobacco smoking and areca chewing have been shown to contribute to etiology of oral cancer development (9, 10, 41-44). The results showed that gene-environment interaction was not obvious between MMP-8 genotypes and personal risk behaviors, alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking or areca chewing. However, the mechanisms are very complex and need more research. In Table I, it can be seen that a higher proportion of individuals had consumed areca, cigarettes and alcohol in the group of patients with oral cancer than the controls (Table I).
In conclusion, this is the first study to examine the role of MMP-8 promoter together with non-synonymous polymorphic genotypes in oral cancer susceptibility. Our findings suggested that the variant genotypes at promoter region C-799T and non-synonymous Val436Ala or Lys460Thr of MMP-8 do not significantly confer susceptibility to oral cancer in the Taiwanese population. Further multi-center and multi-population studies for the genotypes of other members of the MMP family and their contribution to oral cancer susceptibility have to be undertaken.
Acknowledgements
The Authors declare no conflict of interest in regard to this study. The Authors appreciate the Tissue-bank of China Medical University Hospital for their excellent technical assistance. This study was supported mainly by the Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology to Professor Bau (MOST-104-2320-B-039-036 and MOST-105-2320-B-039-038) and partially by research grant from Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare Clinical Trial and Research Center of Excellence (MOHW106-TDU-B-212-113004) and Taichung Veterans General Hospital (TCVGH-CTUST1067701) for Dr. Hung.
Footnotes
↵* These Authors contributed equally to this study.
This article is freely accessible online.
- Received May 9, 2017.
- Revision received May 22, 2017.
- Accepted May 23, 2017.
- Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by the International Institute of Anticancer Research.
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