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Review ArticleReviewsR

Clinical Factors Associated with Treatment Outcomes Following Whole-brain Irradiation in Patients with Prostate Cancer

LIESA DZIGGEL, STEVEN E. SCHILD, THEO VENINGA, AMIRA BAJROVIC and DIRK RADES
In Vivo January 2017, 31 (1) 35-38;
LIESA DZIGGEL
1Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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STEVEN E. SCHILD
2Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, U.S.A.
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THEO VENINGA
3Department of Radiotherapy, Dr. Bernard Verbeeten Institute, Tilburg, the Netherlands
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AMIRA BAJROVIC
4Department of Radiotherapy, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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DIRK RADES
1Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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  • For correspondence: rades.dirk@gmx.net
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Abstract

Background/Aim: Patients with prostate cancer represent a small minority of cancer patients presenting with metastases to the brain. This study investigated the role of whole-brain irradiation (WBI) in this rare group. Patients and Methods: Eighteen such patients were included. Clinical factors including fractionation program of WBI, age at WBI, Karnofsky performance score (KPS), number of metastases to the brain, involvement of extracerebral metastatic sites, time from prostate cancer diagnosis to WBI and recursive-partitioning-analysis (RPA) class were investigated regarding local (intracerebral) control and survival. Results: On multivariate evaluation, longer time from prostate cancer diagnosis to WBI showed a trend towards improved local control (hazard ratio 2.77, p=0.098). Better KPS (hazard ratio 5.64, p=0.021) and longer time from prostate cancer diagnosis to WBI (hazard ratio 5.64, p=0.013) were significantly associated with better survival. Conclusion: Two independent predictors of survival were identified and should be considered when designing for personalized treatment regimens and clinical trials.

  • Prostate cancer
  • metastases to the brain
  • WBI
  • local control
  • survival

Metastases to the brain represent a palliative situation that occurs in up to 40% of patients with cancer (1-3). The most common primary tumors associated with brain metastases are lung cancer (40-50%) and breast cancer (20-25%). In contrast, patients with prostate cancer account for a minority of less than 1%. Therefore, there is a considerable lack of data regarding this group. Many patients with metastases to the brain from prostate cancer have a short expected survival and are treated with whole-brain irradiation (WBI) alone.

When a patient is assigned to WBI, several options, i.e. dose-fractionation programs, are available (2, 3). These options range from 1-week programs with lower total doses and higher doses per fraction to more protracted programs lasting up to 4 weeks with higher total doses but lower doses per fraction. Previous studies of WBI for brain metastases from different tumor types suggested that patients with a short expected survival should be treated with a short WBI program to allow the patients to spend more of their remaining time at home (2, 4). In contrast, longer WBI programs were reported to result in improved local (intracerebral) control and survival in the group of patients with the longest estimated survival time (5).

Thus, it is important to be able to judge a patient's remaining survival time before assigning them to a WBI program. Therefore, this study was performed with the major goal as the identification of possible independent predictors of survival, and additionally of local control in patients with metastases to the brain from prostate cancer. Identification of such predictors would assist the treating physicians when choosing the most appropriate WBI program for such a patient.

Patients and Methods

In this retrospective study, 18 unselected patients with prostate cancer treated with WBI for metastases to the brain were included. The major goal of this study was the evaluation of possible associations between local (intracerebral) control and survival and seven clinical factors. These factors were the WBI fractionation program (4 Gy × 5 vs. 3 Gy × 10), age at WBI (<75 vs. ≥75 years, median=74.5 years), Karnofsky performance score (KPS) (≤70% vs. 80%), number of metastases to the brain (<4 vs. ≥4), involvement of extracerebral metastatic sites (none vs. bone only vs. sites other than bone), time interval from prostate cancer diagnosis to WBI (≤28 vs. >28 months), and recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) class (2 vs. 3) (6). The distribution of these factors is shown in Table I. Univariate analyses of local control and survival were carried out with the Kaplan–Meier method and the log-rank test (7). Thereafter, the significant (p<0.05) and borderline significant (p<0.06) clinical factors were evaluated for independence with the Cox proportional hazards model.

Results

The median follow-up was 4 months (range=1-13 months) for the whole series and 12 months (range=10-13 months) in patients still alive at their last follow-up. The local control rates at 3 and 6 months were 48% and 35%. On univariate evaluation, a longer time interval from prostate cancer diagnosis to WBI showed a strong trend towards improved local control (p=0.057, Table II). On the Cox proportional hazards analysis, this trend was confirmed (hazard ratio=2.77, 95% confidence interval=0.83-10.75, p=0.098).

The survival rates recorded at 3 and 6 months were 67% and 22%. On univariate evaluation, a better KPS (p=0.027) and a longer time interval from prostate cancer diagnosis to WBI (p=0.009) were significantly correlated with better survival (Table III). On Cox proportional hazards analysis, both KPS (hazard ratio=5.64, 95% confidence interval=1.27-43.48, p=0.021) and the interval from prostate cancer diagnosis to WBI (hazard ratio=5.64, 95% confidence interval=1.39-24.39, p=0.013) remained significant predictors. The 6-month survival rate for the seven patients with a KPS of ≤70% and an interval from prostate cancer diagnosis to WBI of ≤28 months was 0%. In contrast, the 6-month survival rate of the three patients with a KPS of 80% and an interval from prostate cancer diagnosis to WBI of >28 months was 100%.

Discussion

Since prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in men, considerable research is performed in order to improve the outcomes of these patients, including preclinical studies and clinical investigations of new systemic treatments, surgical approaches and radiation techniques (8-13). In contrast to metastatic spread to the bone, metastases to the brain are very rare. Although prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer, patients with brain metastases from this tumor entity account for fewer than 1% of patients presenting with metastases to the brain (1-3). Therefore, little is known about this particular patent group in this regard. In order to provide additional information, the present study was carried out. It investigated potential associations between clinical factors and outcomes in terms of local control and survival in order to identify independent prognostic factors.

According to the results of this study, the time interval from prostate cancer diagnosis to WBI was an important prognostic factor. On multivariate analysis, an interval of more than 28 months showed a trend towards association with improved local control and a significant association with improved survival. In addition, a KPS of 80% (when compared to ≤70%) was an independent predictor of better survival. The performance status has been identified as an independent predictor of survival in previous studies including patients with brain metastases from different tumor entities (6, 14-16). The most widely used tool for estimating the survival of patients with metastases to the brain is the RPA classification, published in 1997 (6). This classification includes three prognostic groups with median survival times of 7.1 months (RPA class 1), 4.2 months (RPA class 2) and 2.3 moths (RPA class 3), respectively. It was mainly based on the KPS (<70% vs. ≥70%) but additionally on age (<65 vs. ≥65 years) and extracranial disease. The prognostic value of the RPA classification for patients with brain metastases from prostate cancer was investigated in the present study. However, the RPA classification did not achieve significance on univariate analysis. This may be explained by the fact that the vast majority of patients with prostate cancer are 65 years or older, which means that discrimination by age will not be important for these patients. Furthermore, the RPA classification does not consider the time interval from prostate cancer diagnosis to WBI, which proved to be an important prognostic factor in the present study particularly focusing on prostate cancer (6). Similar limitations could be expected for the graded prognostic assessment tool, another commonly used survival score for patients with brain metastases (16). This tool was based on four factors, including age (>60 vs. 50-59 vs. <50 years), but not on the interval from prostate cancer diagnosis to WBI. These considerations demonstrate the importance of looking separately at different tumor entities, as performed in the current study. Bearing in mind its limitations due to the retrospective design and the small number of patients included, one may suggest choosing a WBI program for an individual patient based on the two independent predictors of survival identified in this study. Patients with an interval from prostate cancer diagnosis to WBI of ≤28 months and a KPS of ≤70% have a very poor prognosis and might be considered for a short WBI program, or even best supportive care alone. A previous study suggested that 4 Gy × 5 was not inferior to 3 Gy × 10 in a large cohort of patients with metastases to the brain from different tumor entities (4). The survival rates at 6 months were 24% and 27%, respectively (p=0.29). In contrast, those patients with an interval from prostate cancer diagnosis to WBI of >28 months and a KPS of >70%, who have a more favorable prognosis, would likely benefit from WBI with higher total doses and lower doses per fraction such as 2.5 Gy ×14 or 2 Gy × 20. A previous study of long-term surviving patients with brain metastases from various tumor entities suggested that WBI with 2 Gy × 20 led to significantly better local control and survival than 3 Gy × 10 (5); the survival rates at 12 months were 61% and 50%, respectively (p=0.008).

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Table I.

Clinical factors and their distribution.

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Table II.

Local control rates at 3 and 6 months.

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Table III.

Survival rates at 3 and 6 months.

In conclusion, this study identified two independent predictors of survival. These two clinical factors should be considered when assigning personalized treatment regimens for individual patients and when designing prospective clinical trials.

Footnotes

  • This article is freely accessible online.

  • Conflicts of Interest

    On behalf of all Authors, the corresponding Author states that there is no conflict of interest related to this study.

  • Received November 12, 2016.
  • Revision received December 6, 2016.
  • Accepted December 7, 2016.
  • Copyright© 2017, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved

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Clinical Factors Associated with Treatment Outcomes Following Whole-brain Irradiation in Patients with Prostate Cancer
LIESA DZIGGEL, STEVEN E. SCHILD, THEO VENINGA, AMIRA BAJROVIC, DIRK RADES
In Vivo Jan 2017, 31 (1) 35-38;

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Clinical Factors Associated with Treatment Outcomes Following Whole-brain Irradiation in Patients with Prostate Cancer
LIESA DZIGGEL, STEVEN E. SCHILD, THEO VENINGA, AMIRA BAJROVIC, DIRK RADES
In Vivo Jan 2017, 31 (1) 35-38;
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