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Review Article

γ-H2AX - A Novel Biomarker for DNA Double-strand Breaks

LINDA J. KUO and LI-XI YANG
In Vivo May 2008, 22 (3) 305-309;
LINDA J. KUO
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LI-XI YANG
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  • For correspondence: yangl@cpmcri.org
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Abstract

When DNA damage, whether it is endogenous or exogenous, forms double stranded breaks (DSBs), it is always followed by the phosphorylation of the histone, H2AX. H2AX is a variant of the H2A protein family, which is a component of the histone octomer in nucleosomes. It is phosphorylated by kinases such as ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATM-Rad3-related (ATR) in the PI3K pathway. This newly phosphorylated protein, γ-H2AX, is the first step in recruiting and localizing DNA repair proteins. DSBs can be induced by mechanisms such as ionizing radiation or cytotoxic agents and subsequently, γ-H2AX foci quickly form. These foci represent the DSBs in a 1:1 manner and can be used as a biomarker for damage. An antibody can be raised against γ-H2AX which can therefore be visualized by immunofluorescence through secondary antibodies. The detection and visualization of γ-H2AX by flow cytometry allow the assessment of DNA damage, related DNA damage proteins and DNA repair. γ-H2AX also has other applications in the detection of genomic damage caused by cytotoxic chemical agents and environmental and physical damage, especially in the context of cancer treatment and therapy.

  • DNA breaks
  • DNA damage and repair
  • H2AX
  • lethal damage
  • review
  • Received December 27, 2007.
  • Revision received March 18, 2008.
  • Accepted March 21, 2008.
  • Copyright © 2008 International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. John G. Delinassios), All rights reserved
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In Vivo: 22 (3)
In Vivo
Vol. 22, Issue 3
May-June 2008
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γ-H2AX - A Novel Biomarker for DNA Double-strand Breaks
LINDA J. KUO, LI-XI YANG
In Vivo May 2008, 22 (3) 305-309;

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γ-H2AX - A Novel Biomarker for DNA Double-strand Breaks
LINDA J. KUO, LI-XI YANG
In Vivo May 2008, 22 (3) 305-309;
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