Baicalein Induces Apoptosis in SCC-4 Human Tongue Cancer Cells via a Ca²⁺-dependent Mitochondrial Pathway

Abstract

Background: The effects of baicalein on SCC-4 human tongue cancer cells were examined to better understand its effect on apoptosis and associated possible signal pathways in vitro. Materials and Methods: Apoptosis induction, reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytoplasmic Ca²⁺, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and caspase-3 activity were analyzed using the flow cytometric assay. Apoptosis-associated proteins, such as p53, BAX, BCL-2, cytochrome c, caspase-3 and -9, EndoG and AIF were determined by Western blotting. Results: Our results showed that baicalein promoted the levels of p53, BAX, cytochrome c, capase-3 and -9 and reduced the level of BCL-2, which were associated with the induction of apoptotic cell death of SCC-4 cells. A release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into cytosol was demonstrated and an activation of caspase-3, which led to the occurrence of apoptosis in SCC-4 cells treated with baicalein as determined by Western blot. In order to understand the role of Ca²⁺ in the induction of apoptosis, cells were pre-treated with BAPTA (intracellular calcium chelator) and baicalein. It was shown that the MMP was restored, and the level of cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ suppressed, the proportion of cells undergoing apoptosis was also markedly diminished. Our data suggest that cellular Ca²⁺ modulates baicalein-induced cell death via a Ca²⁺-dependent mitochondrial death pathway in SCC-4 cells.